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Ecology of the Community (Community as Support System (Informal--neighbors…
Ecology of the Community
community
is a microsystem where a group of people living in the same geographic area under common laws sharing fellowship a friendly association, and common interests. (p. 375)
Community Ecology
the psychological and practical relationships between humans and their social, as well as physical, environment. (p. 375)
The need for community is both psychological (companionship) , practical (cooperate) or economic (necessities of life).
Five Functions: (p.377)
Production, distribution, consumption: A living
Socialization: norms and values
Social Control: group pressure and enforcement
Social participation: companionship
Mutual support: power of many
Community is a socializing agent because it is where children learn to the role expectations for adults as well as themselves (p. 379)
Factors for family-friendly Community: (p. 379)
Education--quality and safe
child care
recreation--facilities and opportunities
community safety
citizen involovement
physical environment--clean, safe, attractive, well cared for
employment opportunities--good jobs and economic growth
Cost living
quality neighborhood
Physical Factors
population density
number of people occupying a certain area of space.
hIgh--opportunities to mingle, provided there is space, but excessive social contact, reduced behavioral freedom, scarcity of resources, personal space violations, inability to maintain desired privacy
Learned helplessness
sense of apathy that develops when people perceive that they have no control over events that their actions no longer influence outcomes. (p. 379)
Relationship between residential density and susceptibility to learned helplessness
population composition
stability or mobility of people in a neighborhood as well as their homogeneity or heterogeneity.
Homogeneous
similar backgrounds few opportunities to interact with children or adults who differ in their back grounds and values.
heterogeneous
differing backgrounds more likely to have opportunities to interact with children of differing backgrounds at school or adults in their work roles
Noise
Community Design which affects children's opportunities for physical activity.
Play setting--playgrounds: (P. 381)
traditional: swings, slide, teeter-totter and sandbox--Preschool with adults more often along with modern playgrounds
Modern various sculptures for climb, crawl and slide
adventure playground--old lumber, tires, crates, bricks and rocks--more often school-age and teenagers involved in expressing ideas and fantasies.
Economic Factors
Children's economic well-being is directly related to that of their family (p. 382)
Affects the cost of housing, transportation, education, and health care
Economic factors play a central role in shaping the daily lives of families who live and work in communities. (outline & p. 382)
Social and Personal Factors.
Neighborhood
is the geographic setting in which children generally spend their unstructured time where children explore, interact with other children, observe adults engaged in work or other activities and have various experiences. (p. 383)
Patterns of community Interaction factors are size of community, social diversity, shared norms
Size of Community: small tend to involved in each other's lives. Large-more impersonal interactions. with specific roles they perform.
Social Diversity: choice of social networks
Shared Norms: small--more homogeneous, shared convictions, passed generation to generation unwritten local customs to become the common law. Large on formal rules and regulations and sanctions. (p.385)
Gemeinschaft
characterizes communal, cooperative, close, intimate, and informal interpersonal relationships (p. 385)
Gesellschaft
Characterizes associative, practical, objective, and formal interpersonal relationships. (p. 386)
Community as Support System
Informal--neighbors Formal--public or private
Increasing Population, Changing nature of the family, increasing urbanization of communities
Political ideology is influential in determined what services governement leaders believe to be worthy of support
Public agencies
are financed by taxation and are administered withing the legal framework of the local, state, or federal government (outline P. 390)
Private agencies
financed by donations, membership dues, corporate contributions, consultation fees, investment income, foundations grants, publication sales, or conference fees. managed by board of directors
Combination
use both public and private sources of money, these may get government grants to implement research or innovations and private donations to provide services over and above what is funded by the grant.
Preventive services
are programs that seek to lessen the stresses and strains of life resulting from social and technological changes and to avert problems (p. 390)
Supportive services
programs that maintain the health, education, and welfare of the community
Referrals
Economic assistance
Counseling
family preservation
senior citizen
child health and welfare
protective
child care
foster care
adoption
Parks, Recreation and Education
Rehabilitative services
are programs that enable or restore people's ability to participate in the community (p. 391)
Correction
Mental Health
Special Needs
Creating Caring Communities
Child advocacy
Sensitizing individuals, especially those on decision-making bodies, to the unmet needs or children and to society's obligation to respond to those needs. (p. 396)
advocacy
the process of supporting a person', group or cause.
Society
public agencies such as the government, school, private agencies like religious groups business or member of the community. (p. 396)
Economic Assistance to families
1 in 6 children in the US lives in poverty
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
is a federal and state matching program that provides temporary financial support for families with children
Families with children are the fastest growing segment of Americans who are homeless
Children who are homeless suffer psychological, behavioral and educational (p. 401)
Depression, suicide initiation, and other mental health disorders among youth who are homeless (p. 402)
Unemployment Compensation
Social Security survivor or disability benefits
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
Veterans' benefits
Child Nutrition services--WIC
Title IV & Title XX
Health Care for Families
The most important factors influencing child health occur before birth (p. 402)
Government programs promoting children's health
Medicaid
Maternal and child health services
Centers for Disease Control
Child nutrition programs
Social Support for Families more and more public agencies to play a part
Child welfare services
Social services block grants (Title XX)
Child and adolescent service system program
Income tax deduction
Subsidized day care
Special Services for Children with Special Needs--they have disabilities are maltreated or have been abandoned by their families; they are orphans, or have run away from desperate situations
54% of children place din foster care are adopted by their foster parents and about 30% are adopted by relative
Programs: Child Abuse prevention and Treatment Act & The family violence prevention and services program
Mesosystem Influences
Collaboration strengthens the immediate environment of vulnerable children, making them more resilient to stress
To be effective in supporting children's development, community child-care services should be comprehensive in that they link with health, nutrition, social services, and education for children and their parents.
Volunteerism and Advocacy
Child advocacy
the process of sensitizing individuals and groups to the unmet needs of children and to society's obligation to provide a positive response to those needs (p. 408)
Advocacy groups can form to solve and monitor a particular problem; they can be a source of ongoing support for children's problems in general or official government lobby.
Groups: Children's Defense Fund, Child Welfare League of America, National congress of Parents and Teachers.
Advocating for Protection: Advocacy, Support, Prevention
Child Welfare Information Gateway offer resources: Overview, Definitions, Identification, Statistics, Risk & Protective factors, perpetrators, impact, Fatalities, contact (p. 409-410)
Every state require that a report of suspected child abuse be made "immediately" or "promptly"
Therapeutic Intervention or treatment
Family preservation
Parent Education
Child Care
Family Therapy
Kinship care
Foster care
Parent support groups
Institutionalization
Adoption