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70 yrs old woman has trouble breathing, infection in lungs and pneumonia…

- - - - trachea divides into right and left main bronchi
      - right larger and straighter than left, path for foreign object to travel
      - cleanses, warms and humidifies air
  - - - alveolar macrophages
        
        keep alveolar surface sterile
      - alveolar pores
        
        connect alveoli
        
        provides routes in case of blockage
        
        equalize air pressure throughout lungs
      - alveolar wall
        
        type 1 & 2 alveolar cells
        
        surrounded by elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries
        
        cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
        
        single layer of squamous epithelium
        
        capillary walls
        
        allow for gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion
        
        into the alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs
        
        alveolar sac contains clusters of alveoli
        
        alveolar sac is site of actual gas exchange
        
        begins with terminal bronchioles feeding into resp. bronchioles
- - - - active process
      - contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
      - diaphragm flattens and increases thoracic volume
      - intercostals contract, rib cage lifted up and out; increase thoracic vol.
      - chest vol. increases, intrapulmonary pressure drop by 1
      - pressure changes leads to flow of gases to equalize pressure
    - - passive process
      - muscles relax, lungs recoil
      - vol. decreases
      - forced expiration
        
        active process, uses oblique and transverse ab. muscles
    - - pressure exerted by air surrounding body
      - 760mm Hg
    - - pressure in alveoli
      - always eventually equalizes
      - ommHg
      - pressure inside lung decreases as lung vol. increases
      - pressure increases during expiration
    - - pressure in pleural cavity
      - always a neg. pressure
      - -4mmHg
      - kept free from excess fluid thanks to lymphatics
      - our chest is a vacuum bc of neg. intrapleural pressure
  - - - amount of air moved into and out of lungs with each breathe. AV=500ML
    - - amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled from lungs
    - - amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from lungs
    - - amount of air that always remains in lungs, needed to keep alveoli open
    - - sum of TV+IRV
    - - sum of RV+ERV
    - - sum of TV+IRV+ERV
    - - sum of all lung vol.