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pneumonia (respiratory physiology at the alveoli level (intrapleural…

- - - - partial pressure: pressure exerted by each gas in mixture. directly proportional to its percent in mixture.
      - total atmospheric pressure 760mm Hg
      - total pressure exerted by mixture of gasses = sum of pressure exerted by each gas.
    - - gasses always fill the container they are in
      - volume increases = pressure decrease
      - inverse relationship between pressure and volume of a gas
    - - the partial pressure response of gas in alveoli will diffuse into blood the same as it would into air.
      - increased pressure = increased solubility
      - When a liquid is exposed to a mixed gas, the partial pressure of each gas at equilibrium is the same in the liquid as in the gas.
    - - as the elevation gets higher the O2 spreads out
      - elevation effects partial pressure
      - air is composed of N2, O2, CO2, H2O
      - high altitude causes hypoxia; causing the pulmonary circuit to vasoconstriction leading to pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary odema
      - pressure exerted by each gas in mixture. directly proportional to its percent in mixture.
- - - - transports nutrients in blood
      - external respiration
      - transports O2 and CO2 in blood
      - If bacteria caused your pneumonia, bacteria could possibly get into your blood
    - - blood pressure drop
      - can increase stroke risk
      - can lead to blood clots
      - can cause increase in heart rate
    - - the immune system has WBC that fight off infections; neutrophill, lymphocyte, monocytes, eosinophill, basophill
      - if your lung function is compromised, your immune system isn't working at it original capacity.
      - pneumonia usually effects people with weakened immune systems.
      - macrophages
      - cells that help rid of debris.
      - epithelial cells that secret mucus
- - - - is the first contact with the outside world inhalants
      - epithelial cells secrete a variety of substances such as mucins, defensins, lysozyme, lactoferrin. and nitric oxide
      - also have macrophages to attack bacteria before it gets into your lungs
    - - fibrosis
  - - - two lobes because of cardiac notch
    - - more likely to be aspirated because its bronchi straighter
      - 3 lobes
    - - superior region of lung
      - extends to neck
    - - inferior region of lung
      - extends to diaphragm
  - - - ~300 million, site of actual gas exchange
      - type 2 alveolar cells: scattered cuboidal cells; secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
      - type one alveolar cells: single layer of simple squamous epithelium
      - respiratory membrane
        
        blood air barrier that consists of alveolar and capillary walls along with their fused basement membranes
        
        very thin ~ .5um; allows for gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion
        
        surrounded by elastin fibers and pulmonary membranes
      - alveolar pores
      - alveolar macrophages