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Populations and Ecosystems (Structure of Ecosystems (Temporal structure,…
Populations and Ecosystems
Ecology
Organisms and their surroundings
Ecosystem
Community + nonliving factors
Community
Group of populations
Population
Groups of individuals in species
Plants in Their Habitats
Habitat
Both living and nonliving components
Organism's set of conditions
Operational habitat
Definitely affects the plant
Components
Abiotic
Nonliving, physical factors
Latitude
Length of day
Amount of light energy
Altitude
High altitudes
Intense ultraviolet light
Soil
New soil
Pioneers invade
Mature soil
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Disturbances
Produce radical, fast change
Affect biotic factors
Landslides
Snow avalanches
Fires
Floods
Climate
Tolerance ranges
Rainfall
Relative humidity
Temperature
Extremes important
Winds
Biotic
Living components
Other plant species
Interaction
Competition
Disadvantageous
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Mutualism
Beneficial for both
Other organisms
Mutualism
Commensal relationships
Predation
Means of energy transfer
Herbivory
Browsing
Grazing
Pathogenic
Plant itself
Habitat modification
Structure of Ecosystems
Temporal structure
Ecosystem changes with time
Seasonal changes
Daily cycles
Succession
Species composition
Dependent on same factors
Diversity/# of species
Dependent on resources
Soil composition
Rich or poor
Tolerance ranges
Broad or narrow
Climate
Stressful or mild
Physiognomic structure
Plant physiology and distribution
Life forms
Hemicryptophytes
Chamaephytes
Geophytes
Phanerophytes
Therophytes
Trophic levels
Feeding levels
Energy flow
10% to next level
Tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
Decomposers
Primary consumers
Primary producers
Structure of Populations
Geographic distribution
Boundaries of geographic range
Limiting factor
Determines plant health
Common factors
Extreme temperature
Lack of warmth (winter)
Water
Biotic factors
Pollinators
Soil factors
Mineral composition
Texture
Local distribution
Three types
Clumped distribution
Uniform distribution
Allelopathy
Random distribution
Age distribution: demography
Affect population growth rate
Two factors
Generation time
From birth to offspring
Affects rapidity of growth
Biotic potential
Offspring # that live
Greater potential=increased growth
Smaller potential=decreased growth
Carrying capacity
Limit # for population
r- and K-Selection
r-Selection
Generated by disturbances
Species' biotic potential
Produced by disturbances
r-selected species
Annuals
Small shrubby perennials
K-Selection
Carrying capacity
Produced by crowded conditions
K-selected species
Long-lived perennials
