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17/3 Animal Management -Stress and Farmed Animals (。。 (Beef cattle…
17/3 Animal Management
-Stress and Farmed Animals
Types of Stressors
Psychological
Fear, anxiety, exposure to novelty
Physical
With a psychological component
eg. Pain, Shock, Immobilization
Over heat, over crowded
Cardiovascular
Heart exposure, exercise
Stress and the animal
Stressor present-> Animal senses threat->
Neurophysiological response -> Damage resisted or prevented
Neurophysiological response
HPA (hypothalmo-pituitary-adrenal) axis
SA (sympathetic adreno-medullary) system
Stress response
e.g. Cortisol (and metabolities), adrenaline
Defination
Stress
-A response to adverse stimuli
-Non specific response of the body to any demand
Stressors
-An agent that produces stress at any time
Stressors conditions that endanger, or are perceived to endanger
Acute stress & Chronic stress
Acute stress responses are adaptive
Chronic stress response are maladaptive
-Growth suppression
-Immunosuppression
-Reproductive dysfunction
Why reduce stress
Health
Fitness
Ethics
Using animals
benefits for them
。。
Beef cattle
Stress and weight gain
-Weight lost due to stress in not regained
Heat stress and beef cattle
-Extremes of weather impact survival
-Climatic stress
Temperament and stress
-Calmer cattle, better meat
Dairy cattle
Production vs Reproduction
-High milk yield, poor reproductive performance
Environment and production
-High milk yield, low heat tolerance
Stress and immunity
-Variety of stressors affecting a variety of individuals
Pigs
Social stress and immunity
-Mixing causes immunosuppression
Stress and reproduction
-Timing predisposition, type
Fish
Stocking density and welfare
-Low as well as high stocking densities cause stress
Behavioural measures of stress
-Salmonids stressed by handling and crowding
Physiological measures of stress
-Feeding, counting, grading, harvesting
(Separate big and small fish)
Reducing stress
Environment
Low-stress systems
-Reduced group size
-Choice
Breeding
-Breed for temperament
-Breed for all-round health and welfare