Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
The Chemical Synthesis Process of Ammonia (The Haber Process)…
The Chemical Synthesis Process of Ammonia
(The Haber Process)
Availability of reagents
nitrogen
Available in the air
makes up 78% of air
#
Carbon monoxide removed
Higher availability
more yield, more efficient
hydrogen
Methane (CH4) + Steam
hydrogen produced
reacts with oxygen from air
leaving nitrogen for use
carbon monoxide - bi product
no impurities (sulfur)
Stoichiometric Ratio
H2 : N2
1:3
Excess of Nitrogen
Hydrogen is limiting reagent
1:3
Avogadro's Law
Equal volume of gas
Equal volume
Equal molecules
ratio of 1:3
Excess reagent
wastes space
not efficient
What is the it?
Developed 1915
During WW1
Combination of nitrogen and hydrogen
produce ammonia (NH3)
hydrogen
from air
nitrogen
from natural gas
after hydrogen reacts with oxygen
#
reaction
Stoichiometric ratio H2:N2
3:1
exothermic reaction
Reversible (eqilibrium reaction)
Production of ammonia
reaction of hydrogen + nitrogen in pump
high pressure (200 atm)
compressed and then heated (400-450 degrees)
contact with catalyst
iron oxide (Fe3O4)
mixed with potassium hydroxide
1 more item...
does not effect reaction whatsoever
react forming ammonia
cooled down
1 more item...
unreacted gasses
3 more items...
factors when making
efficiency
catalyst
availability
reactant
conditions
pressure
temperature
costs
pipes
pumps
heat
Reaction conditions
Catalyst
lets lower temperature usable
no effect on reaction or yield
increases rate of reaction
decrease activation energy
enough energy for reaction
assists in reaching dynamic equilibrium
Fe3O4 iron oxide (magnetite)
mixed with potassium hydroxide
increase efficiency of reaction
powdered form
increased surface area
increased collision
collision theory
pressure
optimal pressure
200 atm
costs (expensive)
difficult to maintain
increased pressure
Le Chateliers's Principle
favours reaction with less molecules
increases concentration
increases chance of collision
#
increases yield
#
Temperature
optimal temperature
400-450 degrees celcius
not too high not too low
sufficient yield
10-20%
produces most ammonia in short time
High temperature
#
Increases rate of reaction
favours reactant side
#
decrease in yield
Low temperature
decreases reaction rate
reaction too slow
cannot reach equilibrium
increase yield
exothermic
#
Yield and Purity
yield
optimal conditions for reaction
#
temperature
400-450 degrees
#
pressure
200 atm
#
catalyst
powdered iron oxide
#
maximise yield in short time
15%reacts to form ammonia
unreacted gas recycled
with heat
Putiry
unwanted chemicals (impurities)
carbon monoxide
sulfur
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and sulfur are removed
issues/implications
environmental
positive
used as fertilisers
increase fertility of plants
better agriculture
increased food for humanity
sustain global food production
ammonium sulfate
ammonium nitrate
negative
released into the air
acid rain
heavy rainfall
fertiliser released into waterways (lakes and rivers)
changes pH of water
affect aquatic life
destroys habitat
#
eutrophication
aquatic plants grow too fast
grow big and decay
decayed plant covers smaller plant
1 more item...
aerobic bacteria (oxygen for survival)
1 more item...
social
positive
produce other chemicals
pharmaceutical products
household products
cleaning products
fertilizers
fertilizers
assist sustaining food globally
nutrients for plants
negative
leaked ammonia/fertilizers
affects aquatic organisms
destroy fishing industry
less fish to catch
Economic
positive
maximised yield
best reaction conditions
#
high efficiency
exothermic
heat can be recycled
#
iron catalyst has a long life cycle
can be reused multiple times
high demand for agriculture
economic profits
negative
greenhouse gas emmision
climate change
very high costs
strong pipes
withstand pressure
maintain pressure in reactor
maximise yield
cost of heat
can be reduced
#
production of hydrogen
industrial uses
produce other chemicals
fertilisers
ammonia sulfate
ammonia nitrate
used for sustaining food globally
household cleaners
nitric acid
dyes
starter for explosives
plastic
feedstock