A way of seeing the categorization of the circles is in terms of where the norms for the communities come from. In Expanding-Circle countries, as has been mentioned, the norms still come from outside, from the Inner Circle. This is basically true of China, Japan, Thailand and Korea in Asia and in most of the countries in the Middle East, a large part of Europe and Latin America. Thus, the Inner-Circle Englishes may be spoken of as ‘norm-providing’ — they provide norms and, less abstractly, teaching models and physical materials such as textbooks — to the Expanding Circle, which may then be termed ‘norm accepting’. This is the situation in Korea, for example, where US English is considered the prestige model remarks on the Chinese switch from British to American English as the target of teaching and learning. Historically, British and American English have been the two prestige models, but the situation is ‘dynamic’, exposure to various Englishes is becoming technologically easier, and ‘variational pluralism’ is taking hold in some contexts.