Authoritarianism
Fascism
Germany
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Italy
"Bring back Italy's "Greatness"
Nationalism
Violence
Racial Hierarchy
propoganda
Propoganda
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Audience?
Intelligencia
should be aimed @ "The masses"
Control public opinion
Repeat the same message
"The receptivity of the great masses is very limited, their intelligence is small, but their power of forgetting is enormous." (Wiesner p. 345)
Helps people to feel special/ part of something great
Terror: physch. and physical
Establish the gov. as the ultimate power, citizens won't question it
Cultivate fear
composure in the face of terror
Spain
Franco
charismatic leader
Hitler
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masculinity
exclusion of women
uniformity/conformity
Glory
charismatic leader
Mussolini
S.A. = secret police
institute fear of gov. in citizens
help est. support amongst German People (men are very willing to go to battle, believe in "principles of war"
Est. Persecution of Jewish People
Nuremberg Laws
It's "okay" to be prejudiced against Jewish people, it's LEGAL
"Us" and "Them" mentality, Jewish people not citizens
complete political power
est. gulags (prison camps)
similar to colonialism, but distinct, not the same econ. relationship
first rises to power fighting in Morocco
helps familiarize him w/ violence?
dangerous placement, reinforces his religious beliefs, he's "chosen by God"
uses terror
fear tactics
1st democratic elections
Socialists/Leftists: implement socialism,
Franco: Nationalism, limited civil liberties, gov. has the most power, a "United" Spain
Allies w/ Fascist powers (Hitler and Mussolini)
provide concrete military support
receive help from Soviet Union during Civil War (not as helpful as Germany and Italy are to the other side)
use of media
carefully portrays himself in the press/news reels
indoctrination
education and schools
portrays himself as a grandfather figure
deeply Catholic
defining Spanish national identity
as Catholic
as linked to military strength
Remains neutral in WWII
Japan
Goals 1939-41
Conquering other land (Dutch East Indies, French Indochina, Malaya)
initially, conquest isn't intended to be permanent
Natural resources (rubber, oil, etc.)
Emperor Hirohito
public perceptions today
pacifist who was against the war?
in favor of the war to gain power for himself?
connection to violence like other leaders
Very invested in growing the military (esp. Naval forces)
ambitious for Japan to become/remain world super power