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Endocrine Glands (Anterior Pituitary (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH);…

- - - - Glycoprotein hormone that binds to the TSH receptor on the thyroid follicular cells, that stimulates the production and secretion of T4 and T3.
  - - - Peptide hormone that stimulates growth by binding to specific receptors on the target organs' cell membranes, which activates the MAPK/ERK pathway.
  - - - Polypeptide hormone by binding to cell surface ACTH receptors on the adrenal cortex. The ACTH receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor. Activating the receptor triggers the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex.
  - - - Protein hormone that enables mammals to produce milk for offspring. PRL receptors in the mammary glands dimerize with another PRL receptor when PRL is bound. This dimerization activation a tyrosine kinase that initiates the JAK-STAT pathway.
  - - - Glycoprotein polypeptide hormone that regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes in the body. In females, FSH initiates follicular growth in the granulosa cells. In males, FSH induces Sertoli cells to secrete androgen-binding proteins.
  - - - Herterodimeric glycoprotein hormone that triggers reproductive processes within the both. In females, LH supports the theca cells in the ovaries and induces ovulation. In males, LH acts upon the Leydig cells in the testes that produce testosterone.
- - - - Steroid hormone that acts as an intermediate in the steroidogenic pathway for aldosterone synthesis. Corticosterone binds to a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) after diffusing through the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm.
  - - - Steroid hormone that increases blood-glucose levels through gluconeogenesis, suppresses the immune system, and aids in metabolism. Cortisol binds to a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) after diffusing through the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm.
  - - - Mineralcorticoid hormone essential for conservation of sodium in the kidney, salivary glands, sweat glands, and colon. Aldosterone acts on the nuclear mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) within the target organs' cells.
- - - - Thyroid hormone that serves as the prohormone to T3. T4 binds to nuclear receptors inside the cell after using protein carriers to passively diffuse through the membrane.
  - - - Thyroid hormone that is involved in growth, development, metabolism, body temperature, and heart rate. T3 binds to nuclear receptors inside the cell after using protein carriers to passively diffuse through the membrane.
  - - - Peptide hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that reduces blood calcium. The calcitonin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that will lead to the generation of cAMP in target cells after activation by calcitonin.
- - - - Catecholamine hormone that binds to an adrenergic receptor. This G protein-coupled receptor has subtypes, alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2. Epinephrine increases heart rate, respiratory rate, and stimulates glycogenolysis among several other functions.
  - - - Catecholamine hormone that binds to an adrenergic receptor. This G protein-coupled receptor has subtypes, alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2. Norepinephrine's general function is to mobilize the brain and body for action by increasing alertness, promoting vigilance, and focusing attention.
- - - - Peptide hormone produced by alpha cells in the pancreas. Glucagon raises the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream through gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glucagon binds to a G protein-coupled receptor located in the liver's plasma membrane. This activates a chain of phosphorylation within the cell.
  - - - Peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin lowers the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream through glycolysis and lipolysis. The binding of insulin triggers the insertion of a GLUT-4 transporter protein into a cell's plasma membrane to encourage the transfer of glucose into the cell.
- - - - Peptide prohormone (later synthesized to arginine vasopressin) that regulates the osmotic gradients within body fluids. There are several types of receptors throughout the body, but all involve a second messenger system when activated by ADH.
  - - - Peptide hormone (and neuropeptide) that plays a large role in bonding, reproduction, birth, and postpartum. The oxytocin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that belongs to the rhodopsin-type group. This receptor requires magnum and cholesterol, and is expressed in myometrial cells.
- - - - Hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin is regulated by activation of the beta-1 adrenergic receptor by norepinephrine.
- - - - Hormone that is secreted by the parathyroid glands to regulate serum calcium. PTH indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity by binding to osteoblasts, which produces extra calcium after low calcium levels are detected.