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Phonology (Phonology is concerned with anatomy and physiology – the…

- - - - • the back – opposite the soft palate
      - • the centre – opposite the meeting point of hard and soft palate
      - • the front – opposite the hard palate
      - • the blade – the tapering area facing the ridge of teeth
      - • the tip – the extreme end of the tongue
      - The first three of these (back, centre and front) are known together as the dorsum (which is Latin for back bone or spine)
- - - - Phoneme is a speech sound that helps us construct meaning. That is if we replace it with another sound we get a new meaning or non at all.
        
        Allophones are in use when the meaning for the speaker or hearer is not altered at all, and it is adapted to the spoken in the contexin wich it occurs.
- - - - • /iː/ - cream, seen (long high front spread vowel)
      - • /ɪ /- bit, silly (short high front spread vowel)
      - • /ɛ/ - bet, head (short mid front spread vowel); this may also be shown by the symbol /e/
      - • /Ê/ ñ cat, dad (short low front spread vowel); this may also be shown by /a/
    - - • /ʒː/- burn, firm (long mid central spread vowel); this may also be shown by the symbol /əː/
        
        • /ə/ - about, clever (short mid central spread vowel); this is sometimes known as schwa, or the
        
        neutral vowel sound – it never occurs in a stressed position.
        
        • /ʌ/ - cut, nut (short low front spread vowel); this vowel is quite uncommon among speakers in the
        
        Midlands and further north in Britain
    - - • /uː/ - boob, glue (long high back rounded vowel)
        
        • /ʊ/ - put, soot (short high back rounded vowel); also shown by /u/
        
        • /ɔː/ - corn, faun (long mid back rounded vowel) also shown by /oː/
        
        • /ɒ/- dog, rotten (short low back rounded vowel) also shown by /o/
        
        • /ɑː/ - hard, far (long low back spread vowel)