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Community Ecology (Predator-Prey Interactions (One predator, one prey…
Community Ecology
Predator-Prey Interactions
One predator, one prey
Aspect followed in food chain
Pathways of populations
Prey extinct, predator extinct
Stable populations of both
Prey decreases, predator decreases
Predator functional response
Factors
Handling time
Feeding rate
Prey-dependent
Models
Lotka-Volterra model
dN/dt=rN-aNP
Zero growth isocline
Paradox of enrichment
Rosenzeig-MacArthur model
Curved zero growth isocline
Predator selection: many prey
Aspect followed in food web
Optimal foraging theory
Factors for prey choice
Probability of being eaten
Probability of encountering prey
Decision to attack prey
Optimal diet model
Smart predators broaden diet
Some prey always/never eaten
Predators seek high-energy prey
Probability of being eaten
Dependent on profitable prey
Competition between species
Interspecies competition
Exploitation competition
Consume shared resources
Interference competition
One restricts another's access
Coexistence of competing species
Interfere with themselves more
Resources
Increase growth rates
Consumed by organisms
Apparent competition
"Competition" among plants
Increase plant 1, decrease others
Diversity
Many aspects
Species and their interactions
Alleles
Growth forms
Parts of species
Plant storage organs
Feeding methods
Factors
Scale
Larger areas more diverse
Larger patches more high quality
More variation of factors
Larger populations
Species-area relationship
S=cA^z
Species abundance distribution
Levels
Local
Region
Biome
Biogeographical region
Measures of diversity
Alpha diversity
Species # - small site
Beta diversity
Compares small sites
Gamma diversity
Species # in region
Latitude
Less diversity north
Great diversity near equator
Equator more benign conditions
Warmer climate
No freezing conditions
Abundant rainfall
Geography/geology
Mountainous north
Land masses near equator
Evolutionary history
Beneficial Interactions Between Species
Mutualism
Both species benefit
Occur at costs
Benefits must outweigh costs
Cheating
Benefits without costs
Possibly arisen from predation
Pollination
Facilitation
Used in succession by pioneers
One species benefits
Nurse plants
Works in primary succession
Interconnectedness of Species
Food chains
Direct lines of consumption
Primary consumers
Primary producers
Secondary consumers
Food webs
Network of many interrelationships
All prey of carnivores
All food sources of prey
.> 3 tropic levels
Energy flow web
Traces energy flow
Keystone species
Presence greatly affects community
Communities
Group of species
Occur in same time/place
Boundaries
Time
Beavers dam stream
Changes into meadow
Space
Altitude
Region with different factors
Physical boundary
Undergo change
Succession
Pioneers
Climax community
Community restoration
Reversing human damage
Habitat loss
Habitat fragmentation
Metapopulations in Patchy Environments
Populations connected by migration
Four assumption
Migration colonizes empty patches
Region composed of patches
Populations may go extinct
Fugitive species
Some patches occupied, some not
Region patches
Source habitat
High-quality patch
Sink habitat
Low-quality patch
:Migration corridors
Interconnect patches
Important from global warming
