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A 60 year old woman has experienced a myocardial infarction (Anatomical…
A 60 year old woman has experienced a myocardial infarction
Type 2 Diabetes
Pancreas is insufficiently producing insulin
Being overweight and inactive may be contributing factor d
Obesity
Insufficient exercise and excessive eating
Heart valves
Atrioventricular valves are located between the atria and ventricles
Help prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract
Mitral valve lies between the left atria and ventricle
Tricuspid valve lies between the right atria and ventricle
Chordae tendineae hood valves in closed position during ventricular contraction and prevent flaps from everting back into atria
Semilunar valves are located between ventricles and major arteries and help prevent backflow from major arteries into ventricles
Aortic semilunar valve are located between left ventricle and aorta
Pulmonary semilunar valve are located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
PQRST of ECG
The sinoatrial node is the pacemaker of the heart and produces the P wave. The P wave represents atrial depolarization.
The QRS wave is produced by the atrioventricular node
Anatomical structure of the head
Pulmonary trunk is a vessel that brings deoxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the lings
Pulmonary veins return the oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart
Right artrium receives deoxygenated blood from the cells
Superior be a cava returns blood from regions above the diaphram
Coronary sinus returns blood to the coronary veins
Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs
All four veins that empty into the left atrium are pulmonary veins
Ventricles are the discharging chambers and controls the pumps of the heart
Left ventricle is posteroinferior to the surface and pumps blood into the aorta
Right ventricle is most anterior and pumps blood into pulmonary trunk
Interstitial septum separates atria
Fossa ovalis allows bypassing of some of the pulmonary circulation
Interventricular septum separates ventricles
Epicardium is the visceral pericardium and is the outer most layer of the heart wall
Myocardium are circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscles
Cardiac skeleton is the interlacing layer of connective tissue
Supports great vessels and valves
Anchors cardiac muscle fibers
Limits spread of action potentials
Endocardium is the inner most layer of the heart wall and lines the heart chambers and covers the cardiac skeleton of the valves
Pathway of blood through the heart
Step 1: unoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vanes cavae
Step 2: The blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
Step 3: From the right ventricle, the blood flows through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery
Step 4: The right and left pulmonary arteries carry unoxygenated blood to the right and left lungs for gas exchange
Step 5 :The blood releases carbon dioxide as waste and picks up a new supply of oxygen
Step 6: The oxygenated blood flows through four pulmonary veins from the lungs to the left atrium
Step 7: From the left atrium, the blood flows through the bicuspid, or mitral valve into the left ventricle
Step 8: Left ventricular contraction forces blood through the aortic valve into the Arora for distribution to the systemic circulation
Cardiac muscles
Cells are striated, short, branches, fat, and interconnected
Inferior vena cava returns blood to the body regions below the diaphragm
Sounds and causes of heart beat
Presence of gap junctions
Intrinsic cardiac conduction system
Network of noncontractile cells
Initiate and distribute impulses to coordinate depolarization and contraction of heart
Cardiac pacemaker cells pass impulses in a certain order across the heart
Sinoatrial node: pacemaker of heart in the right atrial wall
Atrioventricular node: in inferior interatrial septum and delays impulses for 0.1 seconds to allow atrial contraction prior to ventricular contraction
3.Atrioventricular bundle: in superior interventricular septum and is the only electrical connection between atria and ventricles
4.Right and left bundle branches: carry impulses toward apex of heart
Subendocardial conducting network:process from initiation at SA node to complete contraction takes 0.22 seconds
Heart function and blood pressure: As your heart contracts and pushes blood through your body then your blood pressure goes up
Heart function and respiratory rate: The heart and lungs work closely together
Pulmonary loop (right side of heart) picks up oxygen poor blood and moves it to the lungs to be oxygenated
Systemic loop(left side of the heart) moves the oxygenated blood around the body so that all parts can get the oxygen they need
Heart rate: the speed of heartbeat contractions measured within one minute
Stroke volume: volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat
Cardiac output: the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute
Mean arterial pressure: the average blood pressure in an individual during a single cardiac cycle
Preload: the amount of sarcomere stretch experiences by cardiac muscle cells at the end of ventricular filling during diastole
After load: force or load against which the heart has to contract to eject the blood
Peripheral resistance: the resistance of the arteries to blood flow
Failed mitral valve
Blood will continue to flow backward into the left atrium
Patient may experience irregular heart beats or heart failure
If left untreated patient could experience lung failure and difficulty breathing
Patient could potentially die
May cause an issue with blood circulation through the kidneys
Kidneys may be unable to remove the water and uric acid from the blood
May result in kidney failure
Death
Could be fixed with a kidney transplant but issue may still be fatal if blood flow is not working
Less blood circulation could result in less cells due to lack of oxygen being transported
Could result in stroke or abnormal brain function
Death
Death
Have surgery to fix the valve
Surgery is successful
Surgery is unsuccessful
Death