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Biochemistry & Digestion (Digestion (Stomach (Chemical digestion…

- - - - villi: small finger-like protections that increase surface area of stomach + absorbe nutrients./covers stomach wall
        
        Picture of it
      - Duodenum : Last place to break down food./first portion of small intestine
        
        pancreatic enzymes enters in
    - - No digestion occurs
      - Contains more bacteria than there are human cells (bacteria helps with digestion), makes vitamin K
      - bile: emulifies (break down) fat
  - - - Pepsins break down proteins.
      - Stomach acid (low PH:2) breaks down food
      - Chyme: liquid in stomach containing acid, food, digestive enzymes
  - - - pancreatic amylase - break down carbs
      - pancreatic lipase - break lipids
- - - - Size for Both : 1 AMU : ATOMIC MASS UNIT
      - Number of protons = Number of electrons
      - Atomic Mass : Protons + Neutrons
      - number of protons can never change
    - - Holds the proton+neutron together
  - - - More stable than single atom
    - - Different elements bonded together
    - - Same type of atom bonds together
  - - - Anion (-)
      - Cation (+)
  - - - Ionic bond
        
        Bond where elections are gained or lost
        
        Makes +/- ions
        
        Metal & Nonmetal
      - Covalent bond
        
        Bond formed by sharing electrons
        
        Nonpolar covalent
        
        Equal sharing
        
        No charge
        
        Polar Covalent
        
        Not equal sharing
        
        Partial charge
        
        Nonmetal & Nonmetal
        
        Nonmetal & Nonmetal
      - Metallic bond
        
        Metal & Metal
        
        Sea of electrons
        
        Electrons can flow around
    - - How much an atom wants elections
  - - - Middle (O)
        
        Name of Element
      - Below (15.99)
        
        Atomic Mass
        
        Number of Proton + Neutron
      - Right above (8)
        
        Atomic Number
        
        Number of Proton
- - - - Hates water
        
        Can not dissolve in H2O
    - - Likes water
        
        Can dissolve in H2O
- - - - Dehydration synthesis is process where molecules are bonded by taking out water.
        
        Hydrolysis : Process of using water to break bonds between molecules.
- - - - Carbon
      - Hydrogen
      - Oxygen
- - - - Linear form
      - Ring form
        
        Most common in nation in nature
        
        Most stable
  - - - Dehydration synthesis
  - - - Glycogen
        
        Energy storage in animals
        
        Short term energy storage
      - Starch
        
        Energy storage in plants
        
        Easy to break structure
        
        Easy access to energy
      - Cellulose
        
        Used for structure in plants
        
        Cell wall in plants
        
        Human can not digest
      - Chitin
        
        Used for structure in cell walls of fungi & exoskeletons of some insects
- - - - Solid at room temperature
      - All single bonds
      - full or filled ex) Butter
      - animal fat
      - Can lead to cardiovascular disease - heart attack
    - - Liquid of Room temperature
      - Some double bonds - Kinks
      - Plant fat
      - Ex) Oil
- - - - Monomer
      - 20 different Amino Acids
      - Only R group changes
        
        R group can be
        
        Nonpolar
        
        Electrically Charged
        
        Polar
        
        R group determine protein structure which determines functions
      - Each Amino Acid has a different R group
        
        different structure
      - AA + AA + AA
        
        Polypeptide chain
        
        Protein
        
        Peptide Bond
        
        Bond between 2 Amino Acids (Dehydration is happening)
    - - protein unfold→loses structure→loses function
      - 3 things that cause Denaturation
        
        PH
        
        Salt concentration
        
        Temperature: Heat
    - - Function
        
        Store and transmit hereditary information
      - Monomer
        
        Nucleotide
        
        Sugar
        
        Nitrogen base
        
        Phosphate
      - Ex) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
        
        Sugar: Deoxyribose
        
        Nitrogen Base
        
        Purines
        
        Adenine
        
        Guanine
        
        Pyrimidines
        
        Thymine
        
        Cytosine
        
        Phosphate: PO 4 3- (Very negative charge)
        
        Chargaff's Rule
        
        A-T
        
        C-G
        
        Double Stranded
        
        Helix form
        
        Ex) Ribonucleic Acid
        
        Phosphate: PO 4 3-
        
        Nitrogen base
        
        Guanine
        
        Cytosine
        
        Adenine
        
        Uracil (Replace Thymine)
        
        Sugar: Ribose
        
        Single stranded
  - - - Storage of biological molecules
      - Can store energy in proteins
      - Very hard to get energy out
    - - Transport things in & out of the cell
      - Inside the cell also
      - Ex) Aquaporin
        
        Protein that transports H2O across the cell membrane
    - - Support cell structure
      - Support overall tissue structure
    - - Cellular communication
        
        Receiving messages: Receptor proteins
    - - Make chemical reactions faster
        
        Enzymes
        
        Protein catalyst
      - Ex) Amylase: in saliva
        
        Helps break down carbs
    - - Muscles
  - - - R-groups interact & the poly peptide folds
        
        3D shaped folded
    - - Repeating pattern of hydrogen bonds that creats ashape
        
        Coils or fold
        
        2 most common secondary structure
      - α Helix
        
        Coiled structure
      - β Sheets
        
        Pleated/folded structure
    - - Order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
    - - How multiple polypeptide chains fold around each other