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Elizabethan Exploration (Trade (formation of trade companies (these had…
Elizabethan Exploration
Trade
A flourishing cloth trade with the Netherlands
However the 1580s the main markets for English wool moved from southern to the north of the Netherlands, as Cecil encouraged trade with protestant Amsterdam rather than Antwerp
a broadening of overseas markets
There was an increase in trade with the ottoman empire trade links were established with India and trade routes extended into Russia, and a larger range of luxury goods were imported in return.
Three expeditions by John Hawkins
to Gaunie in Africa, from 1562 he acquired slaves to transport to south america in exchange for other goods and was backed by London merchants and by prominent couriers including the earl Leicester Elizabeth gave support, selling ships but the third of expeditions suffered a Spanish blockade in mexico in 1568 - Hawkins activities worsened relations with Spain but even Elizabeth saw the rewards which could be gained abroad
formation of trade companies
these had varying degrees of success in widening England trading interests
Eastland company, Turkish company, East India trading company
exploration and colinisation
causes
1580 return of Sir Francis Drake from a 3 year circumnavigation of the globe; this presented the prospect of new trading lands
Explorer Humphrey Gilbert highlighted the potential of North America
Ralieghs success in gaining investment from Sir Francis Walsingham and others
1584: charter granted to Sir Walter Raleigh (Gilbert half brother) to establish English control over territory in North America
1584 - epodition to Ranoke Island foundation of the colony named Virginia (in honour of elizabeth the virgin queen
Results
Further expeditions 1585 and 1587; all failed to establish a permanent settlement
Problems with Native hostility and isuficient support from England which embroiled war with Spain
Prosperity and Depression
Prosperity
overall agricultural production increased with only a few bad harvests
cloth trade in rural areas increased; but old making cloth towns such as Stamford and Winchester decreased
New Urban settlements developed thriving on lots of manufacturing such as Manchester and Plymouth
ship building increased as a result ports became bigger and prospered from new trade
Southern counties prospered, such as Somerset Gloucester etc, poorer counties were in the North
Legislation to regulate trade and industry proliferated. this was a sign of the governments awareness that the taxses and the Duties which could be levied on trade brought welath to the country as a whole
acts to regulate trade in Cloth, Iron, Leather< Grain and Timber
Two navigation acts to promote the use of English ships
Statute of Artificers 1563, to fix prices, regulate wages, restrict workers freedom of movement
depression
despite growing prosperity, harvest failures could be disastrous
4 consecutive bad harvests 1594-97 - this lead to some serious poverty
by 1956 half of all real wages had dropped to below what it was 9 years before
distress was widespread but much worse in the North where people died from starvation in Rural areas and in urban areas such as Newcastle