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populations and ecosystems (structure of populations (geographic…
populations and ecosystems
structure of populations
k - selection
advantageous traits
perennial
late maturity
fewer, larger seeds
many defenses
crowded habitat
geographic distributions
random distribution
limiting factor
uniform distribution
clumped distribution
r - selection
advantageous traits
early maturity
annual
few mechanical or chemical differences
many small seeds
caused by a disturbance
age distribution
carrying capacity
the number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation.
intrinsic rate of natural increase
generation time
structure of ecosystems
physiognomic structure
physical and shape
trees
shrubs
herbs
lifeforms
temporal structure
changesvassociated with time
season
spring
late summer/ autumn
dry/wet
day
flowering
nocturnal
diurnal
decade
gradual dramatic change
succession
species composition
number and diversity that coexist
trophic levels
energy/ carbon flow
primary producers
primary consumers
secondary consumers
decomposers
plants in relation to their habitat
abiotic
disturbance
fires
landslides
avalanches
floods
soil factors
A horizon
uppermost zone
debris
AKA zone of leaching
litter
B horizon
zone of deposition
humus
clay
nutrients
area where materials from A horizon accumulate
pioneers
first plants that invade a new soil
must tolerate sever conditions
changes the soil that their on
some angiosperms
lichens
C horizon
parent rock
rock fragments
composed of:
latitude
arctic and antarctic circles
24 hours of daylight
24 hours of darkness
intermediate and higher
some sensitive to photoperiod
perfect day length
equator
days 12 hours long
no seasonal variation
plants cant measure season by photoperiod
climate
tolerance range
moderate
extreme
difference in high low
components
temperature
rainfall
humidity
winds
biotic
ecotypes
transplant experiments
common garden
the plant itself
beneficial
detrimental
neutral
other organisms
predation
one benefits while the other is harmed
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browsing/ grazing
herbivory
examples
eukaryotes
fungi
prokaryotes
commensal relationships
example
birds nesting in trees
cocklebur/ animals
one benefit the other is harmed
mutualism
frugivores
ants/ acacias
both organisms benefit
other plant species
competition
niche
competitive exclusion
mutualism
concepts
ecology
study of organisms n relation to surrounding
community
all populations together
population
individuals of the same species
ecosystem
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physical/ non-living environments
communities
same relationship
deeper look into ecosystems
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the ultimate predators
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