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Chapter 7: Diversity (Types of diversity (Socio Cultural (Achieved through…

- - - - Socio-cultural diversity refers to the ways the government manages the different races and religions in order to ensure harmony.
    - - Integration (Singapore)
        
        Benefits
        
        People to retain their identities while forging common grounds
        
        Differences are recognised and respected
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Immigrants not integrated sufficiently. Tensions between immigrants and locals.
        
        Erosion of national identity
        
        Affect social cohesion
        
        How is integration achieved?
        
        Past
        
        Bilingual policy
        
        Presidential Council of Minority Rights (PCMR)
        
        Group Representation Constituency (GRC)
        
        Ethnic Integration Policy (EIP)
        
        Current
        
        Naturalisation initiatives
        
        Common Experiences
        
        Community support
      - Assimilation (France)
        
        Governing policy: Laicite
        
        How is Laicite Achieved?
        
        Education
        
        Employment
        
        Naturalisation process
        
        Benefits
        
        Everyone has a strong national identity. Diversity doesn't overshadow the national identity that binds all citizens together.
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Tensions between the upholding of national identity and respecting the rights of individuals in their freedom of practice. (Unfair treatment / Discrimination) - Ban of headscarves
  - - - Socio-economic diversity refers to the ways the government manages different economic status of citizens to ensure that everyone ensures basic rights
    - - Market Based Approach
        
        Citizens have freedom to decide how much they want to pay for healthcare
        
        Benefits
        
        No additional burden on government
        
        Free to choose healthcare providers
        
        Promotes individuals to take responsibility of their own health
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Poor might not be able to afford it
        
        High insurance premiums
        
        High medical costs
        
        How is it done?
        
        Individuals buy insurance to help them manage healthcare costs. Not all can afford insurance due to the high premiums charged.
      - Shared Responsibility
        
        Strikes a balance between personal responsibility and government intervention
        
        Benefits
        
        Ensures that everyone can afford basic healthcare
        
        Services are cost efficient and affordable
        
        Ensures personal responsibility for their health
        
        Government's funding goes to the most needy in the country
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Healthcare costs might still be not affordable for all
        
        How is it done?
        
        Multi pronged approach. First layer: all government hospitals are subsidised. Second layer: Compulsory healthcare savings account for all (Medisave). Third layer: compulsory national healthcare insurance for all (medishield). Fourth layer: government subsidies (medifund).
      - Government Financed Approach
        
        Government subsidises healthcare services heavily.
        
        Benefits
        
        Everyone can afford healthcare. Even the poor
        
        No one is denied from public services.
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Burden on the government's finance
        
        Equal treatment for all even when the rich don't need it.
        
        How is it done?
        
        Provision of free healthcare or a healthcare system where people only need to pay a nominal free that is priced lowly.