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population genetics and evolution (evolution and the origin of life…

- - - - into one or multiple species
    - - individual better adapted to environment
      - individual less adapted to environment
- - - - existing alleles decrease in infrequence
      - new alleles increase in infrequence
    - - event organism cannot adapt to
      - natural disasters
    - - humans purposely change organism's allele
      - used to produce ornamental plants
    - - most significant factor in gene pool change
      - differential survival among organisms
      - can only act on preexisting alleles
    - - purpose
      - intention
      - planning
      - voluntary decision making
  - - - newly plowed fields
      - recently cut areas
      - recently burned areas
  - - - represents entire species
    - - biblical creation
      - plato's concept
      - tendency to generalize
- - - - physical movment of alleles through space
    - - pollen grain carry one haploid cell
      - wind distributes pollen
      - birds and insects spread poll
        
        typically over short distance
    - - fruits can be carried by
        
        wind
        
        floods
        
        streams
        
        animals
        
        rafting
      - can make their way to islands
  - - - physical nonliving structures stopping
        
        two populations from exchanging genes
        
        mountains
      - leads to allopatric
    - - biological phenomenon stopping gene flow
      - factors are
        
        flower color
        
        shape
        
        fragrance
      - sympatric speciation
        
        two groups unable to
        
        reproduce with each other
        
        grow together
      - prezygote isolation mechanisms
      - postzygotic internal isolation barriers
        
        hybrid serility
        
        two sub population unable to interbreed
      - hybrid inviability
        
        zygote dies during early development
    - - species rapidly diverge into many species
      - all offspring resemble founder individuals
      - populations small
      - genetic drift more likely
  - - - cacti
      - euphorbias
- - - - reducing atmosphere
        
        due to lack of oxygen
    - - lost in space
    - - ammonia
      - methane
      - water
    - - UV light
      - Gamma radiation
      - heat via
        
        coalescence of gas and dust
        
        radioactive decay of elements
      - lighting from volcanoes eruptioning
    - - no limit
      - oxygen not braking things down
  - - - selective advantage
      - formation of metabolic pathways
  - - - photosynthesis started to make oxygen
    - - oxygen began to accumulate in atmosphere
  - - - determine between living and non-living
    - - systems are identical
  - - - via chemical processes
      - via physical processes
    - - right inorganic chemicals
      - appropriate energy source
      - great amount of time
      - absence of O2