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Chapter 17 (Rate of Evolution (intricate systems lower probability of…
Chapter 17
Rate of Evolution
intricate systems lower probability of beneficial change
not all population experience dramatic evolution
depends on population
loosing is quicker than constructing
Speciation
causing a new species to evolve
fertility is the seperation
non-natural interbreeding is a judgment call
freely interbreed
non-breeding=separate species
seperation
divergent speciation
some of population changes
reproductive isolation
Biological Reproductive Barriers
sympatric speciation is where they grow in the same place
pollinators
prevent pollen from moving
prezygotic isolation mechanisms
different appearance in flowers
postzygotic internal isolation barriers
hybrid sterility
hybrid inviability
plants reproduce but sterile offspring
two sub-populations become separate species
Abiological Reproductive Barriers
allopatric or geographic
nonliving feature that separates populations
geographic structures
Adaptive Radiation
founder individual
genetic drift
small gene pool
little to no evolutionary stress
similar scenarios
large affect when dominate population is wiped out
phyletic speciation
gene flow
seed dispersal
assisted by abiotic factors
animal migration
pollen transfer
assisted by wind or animals
carry haploid genomes
vegetative propagation
geographic sites
small mobile pieces
gradually change of population
Convergent Evolution
two species cannot become one
two species with similar phenotypes
dramatically changed populations become species
Evolution and the Origin of Life
boiling water expirement
created amino acids, sugars, etc.
fromed organic substances
Chemosythesis
necessary conditions
appropriate energy source
increases complexity of atmosphere
heat from coalescence of gas
endergonic reactions
kinetic energy from gravity
UV and Gamma Rays
Electricity
lightning
water in atmosphere
right inorganic materials
composed of hydrogen
second atmosphere provide gases
powerful reducing agents
time
over a billion years
no oxygen would have no breakdown
oxygen was not present
important factor in the beginning of life
oxygen allowed rust
photosynethesi brought oxygen
adds to the ozone creating a shield
iron maintained the levels
no mitocondria
chemicals reacted to form more
The presence of life
physics the same in all things
cannot define living from non living
inorganic to living bacteria
formation of life
Concentration of Monomers
forms polymers
clay being a catalyst
Aggregation and organization
formation of masses
hydrophobic reactions
equilibrium of creation and breaking down
Early Metabolism
rapid metabolism starts selection
heterotroph aggregates
Population Genetics
crossing and sexual reproduction creates differentiation
abundance of alleles in a population
gene pool
sexual reproduction doesn't control gene pool
effecting factors
Accident
can limit mutation effects
unadaptable events
changes ratios without adaption
meteorite hit, volcanic eruption etc.
Mutation
change depends on population size
genomes are subject to mutation
selection
Artificial Selection
breeding
used in crops and animals
artifically slected genes
human intervention
exposed to mutagens
Natural Selection
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survival of the fittest
conditions
different progeny alleles
cannot all be genetically identical
all become faced with the same conditions
population must produce more offspring than will die
limited resources/ competition
faced with predation
differential survival
selective forces from competition
mutation does not always adapts
just because there is positive mutation doesn't mean it will be selected
many slective pressures
side-effects
better resistance
to population not individual
only on previous alleles
different phenotypes
Not Natural Section
we cant control true evolutionary history or natural section
no planning or decision making
universal survival
Overview
the world is not constant
old earth or God created
evolution
devine creation
science can be accepted in some parts and rejected in others
Galielo worked for the church, certain members excommunicated him
The creation account teaches important science
science and theology coexist and complement each other
natural selection is observed, evolution has not been
drifting, raising, and erroding
evolution
drove by natural selection
survival of the fittest
gene mutation
Russel and Darwin
gradual conversion of species