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Sheep Disease #1 (Pregnancy and Lactation (Pregnancy Toxemia (CS (Death of…
Sheep Disease #1
Pregnancy and Lactation
Abortion
Levels under 2% ok
OVER 5%= EMERGENCY
Investigation= teach farmers how to do a PM
Samples: everything, definetly placenta, one on ice, one on formalin (histopath, culture etc), Blood
Preg women= wear PPE
Biosecurity
Hx
Cloudburst, Psudopregnancy, Hydrometra
Mated, never develop fetus, sac of fluid, give birth to water
Common Angora and dairy goats
CS= bilateral abdominal distension
Dx: US
Tx: prostaglandins, BUT RECUR so usually cull
Pregnancy Toxemia
Ketosis, Twin lamb disease, Hepatic lipidosis, "Dumb sickness"
Epidemiology
Primary: late preg + fall in plane of nutrition
Fat ewe PT: good BCS + late preg + voluntary decreased food intake, hypoCa
Starvation PT: low BS, drought
Secondary PT: secondary to disease
Stress induced PT: any Mx
Pathogenesis: UNCLEAR
low Glu (ineffective gluconeogenesis + increased fetal demand)= increasing lipid metabolism= ketone bodies/ cortisol
Dx:
Hyperketonaemia and Hyperketonuria
Preg test, Blood-glu, Ketonemia (Lithium heparin tube), Ca levels,
Ketonuria- STRIPS ARE CHEA
P
CS
Death of preg ewes, blind ewes, sick ewes/does, low BCS, due to lamb in 4-6wks
n signs (separate from mob, appear blind, easy to catch)
low BCS, enlarged abdomen
Wool break
DIE WITHIN A WEEK OF ONSE
T
PM
Liver=enlarged
Faeces- firm dry
Adrenals- enlarged, haemorrhage
GIT: sand (not enough pasture)
Eye fluid/ CSF= +++3bhb
Tx
If Walking:
move to better pasture, feed, grain, NOT LUPINS
If Standing:
Induce parturition/ C-secction, Glucose/ Glycerin/ electrolytes,
Vytrate (160mL/ewe undiluted) every 4-6hrs
, Dextrose/ Glucose/ Insulin,
Flunixin + Ca + dextrose,
Transfaunate, Oral electrolytes
If Recumbent: poor prog
, try Ca (borogluconate),
Euthanasia
HypoCa
CS= needed to release ATP from m cells.
m trembling, high HR+RR,
RAPID DEVELOPMENT
sternal recumbency
Ataxia
Prolapsed vagina (m tone)
Stress triggers
paralysis, death
FROG SITTING
When= preg/ lactating ewes/ goats, Green oats/ young grasses, cereal grain, stress/fasting, shearing, crunching, transport, Old animals, Oxalate (Double G)
Dx
Response to Tx- listen to heart when inject
Total serum Ca= <2mmol/L
PM: nil
ddx= PT (HypoMg, oxalate poisoning, enterotoxamiea, superphosphate poisoning, mastitis, bloat)
Px: avoid predisp factors, add Ca to ration, drench, short grazing times on young crop, care with preg ewes
Lambing sickness, Milk fever, Parturient paresis
HypoMg
Rare in sheep, common in dairy (lush grass with moisture)
Fertiliser- Na and K- decrease Mg absorption
young cereal pastures
RARE IF FEED TMR
Stress, temporary food deprivation
Grass Staggers, Grass Tetany, Wheat-pasture poisoning
Dx/CS
pronounced
n. signs
(convulsions, paddling etc)
Sudden Death
Live animal= serum Mg
(<0.5mg/dL)
Dead animal= CSF (dead 12hr), Urin
e (dead 24hr),
Eye
(<48hr)
Tx/ control
Sick ones=
move
to unimproved pasture/ feed
hay
(Legume),
Drench Mg oxide
(IV if CS- aspiration)
Rest of Mob= treat with
Ca borogloconate, intraruminal pellet, loose lick
4 in 1: jugular v
.
Vaginal Prolapse
uncommon in merino, can be flock problem.
<3 weeks before lambing
(oestrogen= soften lig. and m.),
Dorpers
(make tail short- exposes vulva, degrade integrity of pelvic diaphragm)
Tx
1. Put sugar on it
(start to get wet), wrap towel around and twist, take it off, wash with water, lube up, push back in (just over vestibulo-vulvar junction- push up 45 degrees and horizontal)
Buhner suture= give
epidura
l (2 mL of lidocaine, hanging drop technique), make an incision
between anus and dorsal of vulva
, second incision
below the vulval lips
, put Buhner needle through
top hole and bottom hol
e, thread through 5mm umbilical tape,
pull needle back up through tract
. Thread needle through other side,
un-thread from eye
. Tie
surgeons knot in tape.
Tighten to width of finger
3. Prolapse Spoons:
sits in vagina (put in horizontally and twist, tie either side of anchor). When lambing= push spoon upwards and lamb below OR lamb can flip spoon out.
ADDRESSES problem of asking farmer to cut Buhner suture
Mastitis
Hallmark= Inflammation
Path= eventually P causes necrosis and sloughing, can loose the entire quarter.
End up in Liver= white-spotted Liver.
Tx
NEVER WITH JUST INTRAMAMMARY
Do all 3 approaches:
Stripping (remove all pus)
Put in intramammary (prevent super infection)
Systemic AB treatment (penicillin)
Birth to Marking
Lambs
SME: Starvation-Mismothering- Exposure complex
Predisposing Factors
Decreased thermoregulation initially
Born wet- high SA:wt.
Exposure (Hypothermia)
Times of Risk:
1. Birth-5hr:
XS heat loss, depress thermogenesis,
Hypoglycaemia uncommon
=
WARM LAMB, DRY, FEED COLOSTRUM (50mL/kg)
2. 10hr-3d:
decr thermogenesis,
Hypothermia and Hypoglycaemia
=
DRY, FEED COLOSTRUM (50mL/kg), 20% DEXTROSE IP (10ml/kg)
Severe= below 37
Mild= below 38
First 48hrs
Poor
mothering
ability
Ewe cant
feed lamb
/ weak lamb/ unable to suck
Birth
injury
- inability to get up
Infections
Border Disease
"Hairy Shaker
"
Pestivirus-
similar to BVD
CS:
poor fertility performance, empty ewes, abortion, weak/poor, small lambs, hairy shaker/ PI lambs
Lab Dx
Serology:
heart blood, serum, thoracic fluid
Histopathology:
brain spinal cord, fleece, skin in buffered formalin
Virology
: thyroid, kidney, brain, spleen, gut, LN, placenta
PM: brain and spinal cord
(hydrancephaly, doming, more cells, cerebella hyperplasia),
Skin
(primary follicle enlarged, decreased micron)
Other infections may appear as:
Failure of Passive Transfer
(measure amount of Ig/TSP)
Deficiencies
Se Def:
Congenital White Muscle Disease
Rare in Aust-
get delayed onset
(developed in utero, CS later)
CS:
Heart m white
, sudden death
Tx: Se to ewes
6wks pre-lambing
Cu Def
Rare in Aust (UK)
CS:
Still births, blind, paralysed, moribund, head tremors
Lambs and kids
Histopath= brain, spinal cord, Cu in liver and brain
Tx: NOT TREATABLE
Congenital Goitre: I def
(diet, goitrogenic plants)
Angora goats, RARE in WA
CS:
enlargement of thyroid gland
s
Dx: look for WBC (should be any)
Tx and Px:
Potassium Iodide
Congenital Disease
Entropion
Eyelids too long
CS:
lower eyelid rolled in, leads to blidnness
Blepharospasms, Epiphora, mattig of woll around eyes
Corenal opacity
Rams carry genes
Spontaneous recovery at 7d
Tx
Less Severe:
manually evert
Surgical
staples
Inject 2mL
of saline/air/ oxytetracycline into affected lid
Surgery:
remove crescent shaped skin from bottom
Mx
: cull rams, dont breed affected sheep
Cerebellar Atropy
Daft Lamb Disease
Path= cerebellum never developed/ is small
CS: stargazing, ataxia
Dx: Brain histopathology, CT scan (pet)
minor economic impact
Alter Mx: time of vacc
Avoid teratogens
Dont breed if defective
Cull lambs with defects
Lamb Deaths
Causes
:
60%
birth stress
25%
SME
15%
Disease
MAJOR CAUSE OF
LOWERED PRODUCTIVITY
Predation
Hunting not sustainable
Depends on area
See:
barren lactating ewes, low lamb marking %
Control: electric fences, alpacas, Shepard dogs
Post Neonatal Conditions (2d-7d)
Watery Mouth Disease
Where:
UK
, Aust, NZ
Path= ingestion of non-enteropathogenic/ non-enteropathotoxic strains of
E.coli
Insuff colostrum
= proliferate=
produce endotoxins
Intensive management systems
CS: 2nd and later wks of lambing,
XS salivation
,
hear fluid in intestine if pick up
, distension of abdomen, no suckling, die within
6-24hrs
ddx: enteritis, intussception, SME
PM: not specific
Px:
oral AB within
2 hrs of birth
Colostrum
Control
env- clean dr
y
Rattle belly, slavers
Orphan Lambs:
desertion, often maiden ewe
Starvation:
mastitis/ udder defects?, birth injury?
Enteritis:
diarrhoea: common if intensive
Enterotoxaemia (Pulpy kidney)
Flavivirus, Tick paralysis, Suppurative arthrtis-reader
Delayed Se Def: WMD
Hx: poor fertility, poor prod, WMD, weakness, paralysis
Flock problem
Delayed Cu
def: Swayback
Primary= diet, soils def, less fresh grass
Secondary= diet ok, conditioning affected, high Mo/ S, Fe
CS:Spinal cord
(demyelination, hindquarter paralysis- dog sitting, dragging),
Anemia
(pale mm),
Wool
(straight fibers),
Immune
(run then run out of E)
Tx: only give Cu if sure.
Cu by injection