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Human Physiology (Production of plasma proteins (Types (Fibrinogens (when…

- - - - when converted to fibrin forms the mesh component of a blood clot.
    - - helps regulate blood osmotic pressure and acts as a carrier for bile salts and some other fat-soluble substances.
  - - - Plasma proteins are processed by the Golgi apparatus in hepatocytes before being released into the blood
    - - The rough endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes produces 90% of the proteins in blood plasma, including all of the albumin and fibrinogen.
  - - - mRNA exits the nucleus through a nuclear pore
        
        mRNA binds a ribosome located on rough endoplasmic reticulum
        
        Plasma protein is synthesized
        
        Plasma protein is transported by a vesicle to the Golgi apparatus
        
        The Golgi apparatus possibly modifies the protein and surrounds the protein with another vesicle
        
        the vesicle goes to the plasma membrane for exocytosis (secretion)
        
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- - - - are stored in the liver when they are in surplus and released when there is a deficit in the blood
- - - - Kupffer cells in the walls of sinusoids in the liver are specialised macrophages that absorb and break down damaged red blood cells by phagocytosis and recycle their components.
        
        The hemoglobin is split into iron containing heme groups and globins.
        
        The iron atom is removed from each heme group.
        
        Some of this iron is stored within the liver and some is sent to bone marrow to be used in the production of hemoglobin for new red blood cells
        
        Once iron has been removed from the haem group, what remains of the molecule is a yellow colored substance called bile pigment (bilirubin)
        
        This is absorbed by the nearby hepatocytes and becomes a key component of bile
        
        The globins are hydrolyzed to amino acids by peptidases, which are either recycled by being released into the blood or metabolized by the liver.
- - - - The main consequence of jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (sclera) due to an accumulation of bilirubin in blood plasma and skin tissues
      - Other common symptoms include itchiness, paler than usual stools and darkened urine.
      - If bilirubin levels in blood plasma remain elevated for long periods in infants, a serious consequence could be a form of brain damage that results in deafness and cerebral palsy
    - - Liver disease
        
        Impaired removal of bilirubin by the liver may cause levels to build within the body. Obstruction of the gallbladder or bile duct
        
        Preventing the secretion of bile, which will cause bilirubin levels to increase.
      - Damage to red blood cells-Increased destruction of erythrocytes (e.g. anemia) will cause bilirubin levels to rise.
      - Other causes include hepatitis, liver cancer and gallstones
- - - - When bile is secreted into the small intestine, the bile salts emulsify droplets of lipid, greatly speeding up lipid digestion by lipase