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Human Learning I: Behavioural Views of Learning (Learning theories…
Human Learning I: Behavioural Views of Learning
DEFINITION OF LEARNING : Any relatively permanent change in our thoughts, feelings, or behaviour that results from experience
Learning theories
Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Paradigm
Neutral stimulus (NS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Pairing neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus (NS + UCS)
Neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus (NS > CS)
Unconditioned response becomes conditioned response (UCR > CR)
Phases of Classical Conditioning
Acquisition : Learn new response
Extinction : Phase of dying out
Spontaneous recovery : Phase of regaining back previously conditioned response
Operant Conditioning (B.F Skinner)
Law of Effect : Behaviors that are followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and behaviors that are followed by negative outcomes are weakened
Reinforcement Vs Punishment
Aiming to increase desired behavior and decrease undesirable behavior
Types of Reinforcement
Positive
A desirable behavior is displayed
The reinforcer is temporally connected to the behavior
The reinforcer is contingent on the behavior
The reinforcer is a desirable
Strategies
Token economies
Contingency contracts
Premack Principle
Negative
Removing an aversive consequence when the desirable behavior is displayed
Negative reinforcement is not punishment
Types of Punishment
Type 1
Aim to decrease an undesirable behavior by presenting aversive stimulus / activity / consequence
Type 2
Aim to decrease an undesirable behavior by removing pleasurable / beneficial stimulus
Ineffective Forms of Punishment
Psychological punishment
Extra class work
Physical punishment
Out-of-school suspension
Detention
Methods :
Shaping
Fading
Cueing
Prompting