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Substance Abuse Disorders (textbook chp 11) (Causes and treatments of…
Substance Abuse Disorders (textbook chp 11)
Basics
Depressants, stimulants, opiates, hallucinogens, and gambling all fall under substance abuse
Costs Canadians billions of dollars and seriously impairs the lives of millions of Canadians each year
Depressants, Stimulants, Opioids, and Hallucinogens
Depressants
: Decrease CNS activity, helps relax the user (alcohol, benzodiazapenes, sedatives, hypnotics, etc.)
Stimulants
: Make user more alert (caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, etc.)
Opiates
: Narcotic effect, relieves pain and induces sleep (opium, morphine, codeine, heroin)
Opioids
: Family of substances that includes opiates, synthetic creations (methadone, etc.), and substances naturally in our brains (enkephalins, beta-endorphins, dynorphins)
Hallucinogens
: Change the way the user perceives the world, alterations in senses and feelings distorted (cannabis, LSD, psilocybin, etc.)
Others: Ketamine, steroids, etc.
Causes and treatments of disorders
Psychotropic drugs
seem to produce positive effects by acting directly or indirectly on the dopaminergic system (pleasure pathways)
Psychosocial factors like expectations, stress, and cultural practices interact with biology to influence drug usage
Dependence treated successfully only with a minority of those affected
Best results = patient motivation + pharmacological treatment + psychosocial treatment
Programs aimed at preventing drug use may have the greatest chance of significantly negatively affecting the drug problem
Aversion Treatment
: Physical stimuli & pharmacology
Covert ( imagined ) sensitisation
: unpleasant stimuli is imagined.
Other disorders
Gambling Disorder
: Same type of cravings and dependence as people with substance related disorders, with similar brain systems involved
Impulse-Control Disorders
: intermittent explosive disorder (sudden extreme explosive anger), kleptomania (compulsive stealing), pyromania (compulsively setting things on fire)