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Joint (articulation of the human body is divided into 2 categories (2…

- - - - interosseus
        connective tissue
    - - fibrous joints
        
        directly connects bone to bone
        
        gomphosis
        
        connected by
        fibrous tissue
        
        adapted to each other
        like a peg in a hole
        
        attach the root of
        human teeth to
        upper & lower jaw bones
        
        syndesmoses
        
        connected by
        interosseus ligaments
        
        a fibrous cord
        
        or an aponeurotic membrane
        
        very slightly movable
        
        eg: betw certain long bones
        eg: tibia & fiibula
        
        sutures
        
        joined by a collagenous
        sutural ligament or membrane
        
        edges are shaped so that
        interlock or overlap
        
        small amount of movement
        
        1 more item...
      - cartilaginous joints
        
        material connecting
        the bony components
        
        fibrocartilage
        & or
        
        hyaline cartilage
        
        bone-cartilage-bone
        interface
        
        symphysis
        
        directly connected by
        fibrocartilage
        in the form of discs or pads
        
        covered with thin lamina
        of hyaline cartilage
        
        synchondrosis
        
        material used is
        -hyaline cartilage
        
        bond betw ossifying centers
        of the bone
        
        1 more item...
  - - - joint capsule
    - - is a 2 layered joint capsule
      - has a joint cavity that is
        enclosed by the joint capsule
      - inner surface of the capsule
        is lined by synovial tissue
      - synovial fluid forms a
        film over the joint surfaces
      - surface of the enclosed bones
        are covered by hyaline cartilage
    - - articular discs
        
        & menisci
    - - thickness
        
        fiber orientation
        
        & composition
        of the capsule
        
        depend on
        
        the stress placedon the joint
      - the fibrous capsule
        may be reinforced by
        
        incorporating
        
        ligaments
        
        & tendons
        as part of the capsule
      - capsule-fibrocartilage-mineralized fibrocartilag-bone
      - layers
        
        outer layer
        stratum fibrosum
        
        dense fibrous tissue
        
        70% of tissue weight is water
        
        90% of collagen & elastin
        (predominant- type 1 collagen
        -in parallel bundles)
        
        poorly vascularized
        
        but richly innervated
        by pain & mechano receptors
        
        inner layer
        stratum synovium
        
        2 layers
        
        intima
        
        lines the joint space
        
        layer of specialized fibroblast
        
        1 more item...
        
        sub synovial tissues
        
        loose network of
        highly vascularized
        fibrous connective tissue
        
        att to the hyaline cartilage
        
        1 more item...
    - - composition is similar to
        -blood plasma
        -except it has
        
        hyaluronic acid
        & glycoprotein
        
        lubricin
      - is the lubricant in joint cavity
      - rich in
        
        albumin
        
        & hyaluronic acid
      - clear pale yellow
        
        viscous fluid
      - gives it a slippery texture
        like raw egg whites
        
        nourishes articular cartilage
        & removes waste
        
        makes movement of synovial joints
        almost friction free
      - thixotropic
        viscosity of the fluid varies inversely
        with the joint velocity
    - - there are 2 or more
        types of lubrication
      - boundary lubrication
        
        each load bearing surface is
        coated with a thin layer of
        large molecules
        that forms a gel
        that keeps the opposing surfaces
        from touching each other
      - fluid film lubrication
        
        is a thin film
        that provides separation of
        joint surfaces
        
        has lower coefficient of friction
        
        hydrostatic lubrication
        -load bearing surface are
        kept apart with film of
        lubricants
        -& maintained under pressure
        
        hydrodynamic lubrication
        -fluid lubrication in which
        a wedge of fluid is created
        when non-parallel opposing surfaces
        slide on each other
    - - based on axes
        traditionally
        
        uniaxial
        
        biaxial
        
        triaxial
      - On the basis of the shape
        & configeration of the
        end of the bony components