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60 yr old woman who suffered from a myocardial infarction (PHYSIOLOGY…
60 yr old woman who suffered from a myocardial infarction
Mitral valve failure
Circulation
Blood flow is backed up
Regurgitation occurs
Less blood to whole body
Body pains
Heart failure
Death
No constant blood flow
Organs loose oxygen
Body starts shutting down
Organ failure
Nervous system
Less blood flow to going to the brain
Brain becomes weaker
Signals are not sending to your body
Mitral Regurgitation
Ventricles contract
AV valve left open
Blood flows back up
Fluid backed up into lungs
Respiratory system issues
Fluid in lungs
More back flow/ build up
Harder to ventilate
Suffocation
Death
Urinary system
Kidneys aren't getting enough blood supply
Distrupts blood pressure and balance of fluid
Begin to consume salt and water
Fluid overload
Strains your heart
ANATOMY
Heart Structures
Pulmonary arteries
Left/right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Mitral valve (bicuspid)
Left / right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary trunk
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Circulation
Right side
Deoxygenated blood
Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Small cardiac vein
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
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Left side
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Mitral/Bicuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
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Oxygenated blood
AV Valves
"LUB"
SL valves
"DUB"
Layer of the heart
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Cardiac Skeleton
Viseral pericardium
Sequence of Excitation
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
Right atrial wall
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
Interatrial septum
Atrioventricular bundle
Right and left bundle branches
Subendocardial conducting network
Purkinje fibers
Electrocardiogrpahy
QRS complex
T wave
P wave
PHYSIOLOGY
Valves
: Prevent back flow into atria when ventricles contract
Tricuspid valve:
Made up of three cusps and lies between right atria & ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Mitral valve (bicuspid):
Made up of two cusps & lies between left atria and ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Heart sounds
"LUB" when the AV valves are closing
Beginning of ventricular systole
"DUB" when the SL valves are closing
Beginning of ventricular diastole
Blood Flow
Right atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the cells of the body
Receives blood from
Inferior vena cava
Returns blood from body regions below the diaphragm
Coronary sinus
Returns blood from coronary veins
Coronary Veins
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small Cardiac vein
Coronary circulation
Cardiac veins
Collect blood from capillary beds
Superior vena cava
Returns blood from body regions above the diaphragm
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Is short, low-pressure circulation (right to left)
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Blood to lungs
Right ventricle
Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from lungs
Receives blood from 4 Pulmonary veins
Returning blood from lungs
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
3x larger than the right
Aortic semilunar valve
Located between left ventricle & aorta
Aorta
Arch of aorta
Branches
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Structures
Chordae Tendinae
Anchors cusps of AV valves
Both left and right
Papillary muscles
Holds vale flaps open in closed position during ventricular contraction
Prevents flaps form everting back into atria
Coronary arteries
Left coronary artery
Anterior interventricular artery
Circumflex artery
Supplies interventricular septum, anterior ventricular walls, left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle
Right coronary artery
Supplies right atrium & most of right ventricle
Right Marginal valve
Posterior interventricular artery
Terms
Heart rate: Beats per minute
Avg. is around 75 times per minute
Cardiac output
Amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute
Stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with eat beat
Correlated with force of contraction
Preload
Degree of stretch of heart muscle just before contraction
Afterload
Back pressure exerted by atrerial blood
Arterial pressure: Pressure in arteries during one cardiac cycle
Peripheral pressure: resistance of arteries in the blood flow
Systems
Urinary system: Electrolyte water balance through blood filtration
Respiratory system: Gas exchange
Nervous system: Fast communication via neurotransmitters
Electrocardiography
T wave: Ventricular repolarization
QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
P wave: Depolarization of SA node and atria
Sequence of excitation
AV bundle: Only electrical connection between atria and ventricles
Right & left bundle branches: Carry impulses toward apex of the heart
Located in interventricular septum
AV node: Delays impulses approximately 0.1 sec.
Allows atrial contraction prior to ventricular contraction
Purkinje fibers: Complete path through interventricular septum into apex and ventricular walls, papillary muscles
SA node: Generated impulses about 75x/minute
Pacemaker of heart
Inferior to where VC enters right atrium
Layers of heart
Endocardium: Innermost layer
Simple squamous Epithelium
Absorption of materials
Cardiac Skeleton
Supports great vessels and valves
Limits spread of action potentials to specific paths
Anchors cardiac muscle fibers
Myocardium: circular or spiral bundle of contractile cardiac muscle fibers
Epicardium: Visceral pericardium
Reduces blood flow, heart muscles begin to die
Damage to blood vessels
Blood sugar spikes and heart works harder
Fat accumulation; no insulin being produced
Obesity / DM II
Papillary muscle damage in left ventricle