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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (LUNG DISEASES (Lung Cancer: leading cause of cancer…
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LUNG DISEASES
Emphysema: chronic bronchitis, permanent enlargement of alveoli and destruction of alveolar walls result in decreased lung elasticity
Dyspnea: labored breathing (air hunger), coughing frequent pulmonary infections
Hypoventilation: respiratory acidosis
Chronic Bronchitis: inhaled irritants cause chronic mucus, results in obstructed airways that imparied lung ventilation and gas exchange
Asthma: coughing dyspnea, wheezing; active inflammation of airway precedes bronchospasms
Tuberculosis: infection disease caused by bacterium, mycobacterium tuberculosis
Lung Cancer: leading cause of cancer death, 90% of cases from smoking
Adenocarcinoma (40%)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (20%)
Small Cell Carcinoma (15%)
Sleep Apnea: common disorder characterized by temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
Obstructive Sleep apnea- most common type; pharynx muscle relax during sleep and sag causing obstruction
GASES
External Respiration: diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
Internal Respiration : diffusion of gases between blood and tissue
Dalton's Law: total pressure exerted y mixture of gases= sum of pressure exerted by each gas
Partial Pressure= pressure exerted by each gas in mixture
composed & N2, O2, CO2, and H2O
in partial pressure gradient exist between 2 regions for any individual gas in a mixture, it will want to move from higher to lower concentration until equal
PULMONARY VENTILATION
consist of inspiration and expiration, volume changes lead to pressure changes
Bowles Law: inverse relationship between pressure and volume of gas; volume decrease, pressure increases
Inspiration: active process contraction of inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostal
action of diaphragm: contracts, moves inferiorly and flattens out, increases thoracic volume
action of intercostals: external intercostals contract, rib cage is lifted up and out= increase thoracic volume
chest volume increases= intrapulmonary pressure to drop by 1 mm Hg
Expiration: passive process, inspiration muscles relax, thoracic volume decreases and lung recoil
volume decrease= intrapulmonary pressure to increase bu 1 mm Hg
force expiration is an active process that uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles, as well as internal intercostal muscles
Non-respiratory Air Movements
modify air rhythm
relax action
coughing , sneezing, laughing, hiccups, and yawns
PRESSURE IN THE THORACIC CAVITY
Atmospheric Pressure (patm)
760mm Hg = 1 atmoshpere
Negative Respiration pressure: less than P atm
Positive respiratory pressure: greater than P atm
Zero Respiratory Pressure: equal to P atm
Intrapulmonary Pressure
pressure in alveoli (intr-alveolar pressure)
always eventually = with P atm
Intrapleural Pressure
OUR CHEST IS A VACCUM BECAUSE OF NEGATIVE INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE
pressure in pleural cavity
always negative pressure
<p atm and < P pul
-4 mmHg, less than 4 P pul
Kept free from excess fluid thanks to lyphatics
Disorders
Atelectasis: lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles, which cause collapse of alveoli
Pneumothorax: air in pleural cavity, can occur from either wound in parietal pleural or rupture of visceral pleural
RESPIRATORY VOLUMES
Tidal Volume: amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath (.5 L)
Inspiration Reserve Volume (IRS): amount of air that can inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV); amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs
Residual Volume: amount of air that always remains in lunges (need to keep alveoli open)
RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES
Inspiration Capacity : sum of TC + IRV
Functional Residual Capacity: sum of RV+ ERV
Vital capacity: sum of TV + IRV +ERV
Total Lung Capacity: TV+ IRV +ERV +RV
INFLUENCES OF PULMONARY VENTILATION
Airway resistance (bronchitis, asthma)
Alveolar surface tension (premies)
Lung compliance (scarring/fibrosis)
DEAD SPACE
Anatomical Dead Space: does not contribute to gas exhange
Alveolar Dead Space: space occupied by nonfictional alveoli
Total Dead Space: sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space
4 PROCESSES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory System
Pulmonary Ventilation: (breathing movement of air and out of lungs
External Respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
Circulatory System
Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood
Internal Respiration: exchange of Ox and Co2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues
ANATOMY
UPPER RESPIRATORY
Nose and Nasal Cavity
Moistens and warms, serves fro speech, olfactory, cleans air, external nose+ nostrils
Nasal Cavity, found posterior to external nose, divided into nasal septum, mucus and serous cells, Nasal conchae= superior, middle, and inferior, increase mucosal area, air turbulences, filter heat and moisten
Disorders
Rhinitis: inflammation of nasal mucosa, infection spread from nose to throat to chest
Sinusitis: later become after rhinitis, inflamed sinus , absorption of air=vacuum= sinus headache
Paranasal Sinuses
Pharynx
connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus, skeletal muscle
3 Regions
Nasopharynx(pharyngeal tonsils)
Oropharynx(palatine and lingual tonsils)
Laryngopharynx
LOWER RESPIRATORY
Larynx
Voice box, opens laryngopharynx----> trachea, 1. provides patent air, 2. air and food to proper channels, 3. voice production
hyaline cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, epiglottis
Epiglottis: elastic cartilage, cover inlet during swallowing
Vocal folds: vocal ligaments= true vocals, elastic fiber= white ;ack of blood vessels
Glottis: opening between vocal folds, fold fold= sound and air from lungs
Vestibular Folds: false vocal folds, no sound, help close glottis
Procedures
Cricothyrotomy
Tracheostomy
Spinchters
Valsava Maneuver
glottis closes to prevent exhalation, abdominal muscle contract, intra abdominal pressure rises
Disorders
Laryngitis: inflammation of vocal folds that causes the vocal folds to sell , interfering with vibration, change in vocal tone, maybe infection cause
Trachea
windpipe, divided into two main bronchi, ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelium, goblet cells, c-shape cartilage rings whichprevent collapse
Disorders
smoking destroys cilia, cilia recovers bc epithelium is highly regenerative
Heimlich Maneuver: procedure in which air in victims lung is used to pop out or expel and obstructing piece of food
Bronchi and Branches
order 23 oder branching, bronchial tree, conducting zone give rise to respiratory zone
right main primary bronchus is lager and straighter= is more like path for foreign object to travel
enters hilum of lung than secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles : less than 1mm in diameter
made with elastic fiber, cuboidal, smooth muscle
Terminal Bronchioles: smallest <.5 mm diameter
lead to alveolar ducts lastly alveolar sacs (alveoli)
alveolar walls consist of single layer simple squamous epithelium (TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELSS)
scattered cuboidal secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins (TYPE II ALVEOLI CELLS)
Surrounded by elastic fiber, alveolar pores connect adjacent alveoli, alveolar macrophages
Lungs and Alveoli
hilum: found on mediatinal surface, site of entry/exit of blood vessel, bronchi, lymphatic vessels and nerves
Left lung: separated into superior and inferior lobes, smaller than the right bc of cardiac notch
Right lung: sperated into superior, middle and inferior lobes; aspiration pneumonia
Disorders
Pleurisy: inflammation of pleurae that often results from pneumonia
Blood in Plural: leaked from damaged blood vessels
Blood filtrate: watery fluid that ooze from lung capillaries when left heart failure occurs
Pleural Effusion: fluid accumulation in pleural cavity
Two Zones
Conduncting: cleans, warms and humidifies air
Respiratory Zone: gase exhange
terminal bronchioles
BREATHING
Inspiration: gases flow into lung
Expiration: gases exit lungs
OXYGEN TRANSPORT and CO2
Molecular O2 is carried in blood in two ways: 1.5% in plasma & 98.5% to each Fe of hemoglobin
CO2 is transported in three forms
dissolved in plasma (7-10%)
Chemically bound to hemoglobin
Bicarbonate ions (70%). CO2+H20 ---> H2CO3 -->H + HCO3
ALTITUTUDE
high altitude condition always result in lower than normal Hb satuaration levels
less available O2
decline in blood O2 kidney make EPO
RBC numbers increase slowly to provide long term compensation
Disorders
Hyperventilation: increase depth and rate of breathing that exceeds body need to remove CO2, cause by aniexty attacks, leads to HYPOCANIA- cerebral ischemia
paperbag treatmen increase CO2 levels
CONTROL RESPIRATION
Regulated by Pons and Medulla
Pons: pontine respiratory group
Medulla: respiratory center, ventral and dorsal respiratory group
C6H12O6+6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H20 +36 ATP
Henry's Law- when a liquid is exposed to a mixed gas, the partial pressure of each gas at = is the same in the liquid as the gas
partial pressure of gas alveoli will diffuse into blood the same ai it would with air
PH of arteries- 7.45 & veins- 7.35