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Agency-people act on their own Structure-influence of society on behavior
Agency-
people act on their own
Structure-
influence of society on behavior
Durkheim
-Society is more than the sum of its individuals (from mechanic to organic). Division of labour insures change. There are fundamental dependencies between people. There is a constant risk of anomie (lack of moral guidance from soicety)
Robert K. Merton
upgraded
Durkheims theory.
(invented self fullfilling prophecy, Matthew effect=the successful will become successful)- he GENERALIZED (applied the theory to crime), IMPROVED IT & EXPANDED IT.
ANOMIE
-achieving goals is not possible in a legitimate way. The norms, values & goals are not consistent.
so the more
ANOMIE
, the more likely you are to commit a crime
. He also identified 6 types of people-
CONFORMISTS
(wanna get rich, work hard),
INOVATORS
(wanna get rich, dont work hard)
RITUALISTS
(work hard but dont get rich) &
RETREATISTS
(gave up) &
REBELLIONS (
dont wanna get rich)
Mertons theory of deviance-
combines a persons views of goals & the commitment to reach them
WHITE COLLAR CRIME
- original theory states that unequal rights to legitimate means leads to crime BUT WCC proves that unequal access to ILLEGITIMATE means also leads to crime.
THE RICH COMMIT MORE FINANCIAL CRIMES.
People share
Affective bonds
(family, kinship, marriage),
Economic bonds
(exchange of goods),
Institutional bonds
(political parties, labor unions..).
Looking at
Affective bonds
& their functions from
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
- Socialisation, material security.. & from the CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE (property & inheritence, patriarchy, race and ethnicity, homogenous marriage)
changes happen in Affective bonds (we are becoming more individualistic), divorce rates rise..
the Structural Functional perspective is a good social explanation of crime & suicide but it has cons, like Immunization.
Groups can be
Primary
(person oriented) &
Secondary (
goal oriented).
Gathering
-people waiting on a tram.
Social category
=12 year olds, student..
Collectivity=
inhabitants of a country..
Refrence group
-the one we compare our selves with
by wanting to belong to a certain group, we are lead to
CONFORMISM
or adjusting our behavior.
INGROUP
(based on respect and loyality) vs
OUTGROUP
(full of competetion and resistance).
DYAD
(group of 2 people, very unstable)
TRIAD
(3 people, more stable)
FORMAL GROUPS
-large secondary groups who want to accomplish a certain goal in the most efficient way possible. There is also an informal side of society like informal leadership (you know who is in charge in a company etc..)
CULTURE
is a system of values, beliefs, norms and practicalities. It is made of people but it also makes people.
Norbert Elias-
was intersted in how the cultures became less violent & people more self-constraint. THE CIVILIZATION PROCESS-bodily functions became more and more hidden, people repress their animality.
Ethnocentrism
-looking at other countries based on our own vs
Cultural relativism
=judge a culture based on its own values and standards.
High culture vs Pop culture.
Pierre Bourdieu
said that
social reproduction happens via education.
Made distinctions between
cultural, economic, symbolic, social capital
which is passed on from generation to generation.. so no, education is not equal to all and cant be.
Sub culture
is segment of a culture, where as a
counter culture
opposes the dominant one.