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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Treatment (Oxygen Therapy (O2…
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Prevalence
More common in women than in men
Roughly 3 million people die per year from COPD
5% deaths globally, 4th leading cause of death in the world
Up to more than 50 billion dollars in annual health economic losses
Risk Factors
Smoking
High prevalence of smokers/ past smokers have COPD
Family History
Higher risk of having COPD if someone else in direct family is diagnosed
Genetic Conditions
Having alpha-1 antitryspsin deficiency
Functional Decline
Middle aged and older is at greater risk
Diagnosis
Spirometry Testing
Measure how much, how hard/fast breathe can be blown. Used to determine how severe COPD is
Scans: Xray/ CT
Show signs and structures indicating COPD
Lung Function Tests
How much air breathed in and out, how fast air can be breathed out, how well oxygen can be delivered to lungs.
Arterial Blood Gases
Blood test measuring oxygen level in blood
Treatment
Lifestyle management
Smoking Cessation
Health and fitness
Medications
Combined Bronchodilators plus inhaled glucocorticosteriods (Severe cases). Helps to open airways and reduce inflammation
Bronchodilators
Inhalers: Depending on severity will depend on type of inhaler.
Relaxes muscles of airways making easier to breathe
Oxygen Therapy
O2 through nasal prongs or mask
My need O2 constantly or only on exercise
HiFlo for humidified treatment with controlled FiO2 and O2 delivery
Physiotherapy
Clearance Techniques
Active cycle of breathing technique
PEP, Flutter, Bubble PEP, Acapella
Manual therapies
Percussion
Vibrations
Mobility and function
Surgery
Bullectomy
Remove large bullae from lungs (large air spaces that interfere with breathing)
Lung Transplant
Removal of damaged lung with healthy lung from donor
Lung Volume Reduction Surg
Removal of damaged tissue from lungs
Pathology
Mucociliary Dysfunction
Smoking inflammation enlarges the mucous glands
Goblet cell metaplasia - healthy cells replaced by more mucus-secreting cells
Damage to the mucociliary transport system - mucus not being able to clear from airways.
Irritants cause inflammatory cells to activate
When activated trigger inflammatory cascade response of an inflammatory response leading to tissue damage and systemic effects
Structural Changes
Build up of scar tissue for damaged airways
Parenchymal destruction- loss of lung elasticity
Peribronachial fibrosis - thickening of the bronchial wall when excess fluid of mucus buildup in small airway passages of the lung cause localized patches of atelectasis