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Screenshot_20200323_075618 (CAUSES (• History of hyperglycaemia,…
DIET MODIFICATION
Complex carbohydrates
brown rice, whole wheat, oatmeal, fruits and vegetables, beans and lentils
Low glycaemic load foods
Proteins
beans, legumes, eggs, seafood, dairy, peas, tofu, lean meat and poultry.
5 super foods
chia seeds, wild salmon, white balsamic vinegar, cinnamon and lentils
What not to eat
regular and diet soda, refined sugars, processed carbohydrates, trans fat, high-fat animal products, high-fat dairy products, high fructose corn syrup, artificial sweeteners, any highly processed foods.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Fatigue and weakness
Vision changes
Tingling or numbness in hands or feet
Dry skin
Skin lesions or wounds that heal slow or never
Recurrent infections
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Fasting plasma glucose
equal or more than 7.0mmol/l
Oral glucose tolerant test
equal or greater than 11.1mmol/l
Physical exam
blood pressure, BMI, fundoscopic exam, foot, skin, neurological and oral examination.
Laboratory exam
HgbA1c, fasting lipid profile, microalbuminuria, serum creatinine level, urinalysis, electrocardiogram
• Glycated haemoglobin test
CAUSES
• History of hyperglycaemia, prediabetes and gestational diabetes
• Overweight and obesity
• Physical inactivity
• Genetics
• Family history
• Race and ethnicity
• Age
• High blood pressure
• Abnormal cholesterol
• Exact cause unknown
COLLABORATIVE CARE PLAN
Hygiene
foot care, skin care, general care, risk factor management
Exercise regularly
weight loss if obese, to maintain a healthy body
Teach self-injection and taking of insulin and oral antidiabetic agents
Educate and recommend diet changes
PHARMACOLOGY
• Pramlintide
• High blood pressure medication
• Aspirin
• Cholesterol- lowering drugs
DEFINITION
• Elevated blood glucose levels
• Insulin resistance
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Body’s own immunity destroys islets cells
• thus secretion of little or no insulin
• Body becomes resistance to insulin
RISK FACTOTS
• Family history
• Genetics
• Geography
• Age
• Being born with jaundice
• Exposure to certain viruses
MANAGEMENT
• Taking insulin accordingly
• Carbohydrates counting
• Frequent blood sugar monitoring
• Eating healthy food
• Exercising regularly
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Surgery transplantation
Pancreas transplantation
Islets cell transplantation
Stem cell transplantation
NURSING CARE PLAN
• Monitoring of blood sugar levels
• Advice about insulin administration
• Educate healthy diet and weight control
