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Group Dynamics (chapter 9) (Group Cohesion (characteristics (Instrumental,…
Group Dynamics (chapter 9)
Intro
field of study which focuses on gaining knowledge about the nature of groups and their development, and their interrelationships of groups with individuals, other groups and larger institutions
different than just a collection of individuals
groups differ based on composition
captain on one team and substitute player on another team
individuals will contribute differently to the group based on who else is in the group (skill sets)
Characteristics of teams (vs groups)
Distinctive roles
Structured modes of communication
Collective sense of identity
Norms
Role Perceptions
Role: a set of behaviours expected from a person occupying a position in a specific social context
function
social roles
role responsibilities related to the maintenance and harmony of the group
Instrumental roles
role responsibilities directly related to the instrumental goals of the group
Formality
Formal roles
a role prescribed by the organization or a person representing the organization for the individual
Informal roles
A role that develops through interactions among group members
Role Ambiguity/Clarity
the understanding of the expectations associated with one's position in the group
The necessary behaviours required to fulfill the responsibilities
How assigned role performance will be evaluated
the range of responsibilities an individual has on a team
what consequences exist if the role is not performed to standard
negatively related to task cohesion
Role Acceptance
Involves the congruency between athletes' perceived role responsibilities with the role expectations by those who are communicating the role
How much the athlete agrees to the role expectations
Role satisfaction
indicative of how happy people are with their role
Group Cohesion
cohesion is a dynamic process which reflects the tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of its instrumental objectives and for the satisfaction of member affective needs
characteristics
Instrumental
groups are purposeful
Affective needs
strong emotional ties exist
Dynamic
reasons for cohesion change over time
Factors that hold groups together are varied and numerous
Task Cohesion
group members willingness to work collectively to achieve the group's objectives
Social Cohesion
orientation towards developing and maintaining social relationships within the group
conceptual model
group cohesion
group integration (beliefs members hold about the group as a collective)
task
our team is united in trying to reach its goals for performance
social
members of our team do not stick together outside of practicing and games
individual attraction to groups (beliefs group members hold about personal benefits)
social
some of my best friends are on the team
task
I don't like the style of play on this team
Factors influencing team cohesion
Team factors
team success
task and social cohesion leads to team success
team success leads to perceptions of increased task and social cohesion
task cohesion is important for success in highly inter-dependent sports
can still have success without social cohesion
athlete's starting status
when teams are not successful, non-starters tend to perceive less task cohesion than starters
Leadership Factors
leader's behaviour
Positive Feedback
reinforcing an athlete by recognizing and rewarding strong performance and effort
Social support
concern for welfare of individual athletes
fostering a positive group atmosphere and warm relationships
Training and instruction
clear instruction of skills, techniques and tactics
clarifying relationships and roles among team members
structuring and coordinating team member activities
Decision Style
Autocratic Style
independent decision making and stresses personal authority
Democratic Style
allows athlete participation in decisions
team building activities
Environmental Factors
Group size
inverse relationship b/w group size and cohesion
Level of competition
cohesion decreases as level of competition increases
Personal Factors
Individual Adherance
Individuals who perceive the group as being cohesive are more likely to adhere to exercise or maintain sport participation
Individual effort
perceptions of a team's task cohesiveness are associated with their actual and/or perceived level of effort in a team-sport setting
social loafing
the reduction in individual effort when individuals work collectively compared to when they work alone
Individual Sacrifice
Individual and teammate sacrifice contributes to task and social cohesion
Team Building
programs promoting increased sense of team unity and cohesiveness, enabling the team to work together more smoothly
leads to increased team cohesion, which may lead to increased performance and athlete satisfaction
group goal setting
creating opportunities for group interaction and communication
team leaders need to provide a supportive environment and context to have open communication
Creating a sense of group identity
enhance group distinctiveness to create group identity
provide athletes with identical an d unique clothing, logos and mottos
Develop team traditions and emphasize unique history
residential training camps
foster pride in the group