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Biology Ch 6-7 (Organelles (Vacuole (Food Vacuole (Function: (Are found in…
Biology Ch 6-7
Organelles
Nucleus
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Structure: The nucleus is a spherical-shaped organelle that is present in every eukaryotic cell. The Nucleus is the control centre of eukaryotic cells. It is also responsible for the coordination of genes and gene expression. The structure of the nucleus includes nuclear membrane, chromosomes, nucleoplasm, and nucleolus.
Ribosome
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Structure: Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunits, which read the mRNA, and the large subunits, which join amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit consists of one or more ribosomal RNA molecules and a variety of ribosomal proteins.
Golgi apparatus
Function: A "warehouse" for recieving, sorting, shipping, and even some manufacturing. The vesicles travel here after leaving the ER.
Structure: made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches called cisternae. It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus.
Lysosome
Function: A membranouse sac of hydrolytic enzymes that eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules.
Structure: lysosomes have a single outer membrane consisting of a phospholipid bilayer and contain acid hydrolases which are enzymes capable of breaking-down macromolecules.
Vacuole
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Structure: It's one of the largest organelles found in cells, and it's shaped like a large sac. Vacuoles have a simple structure, they are surrounded by a thin membrane and filled with fluid and any molecules they take in
Mitochondria
Function: A metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels.
Structure:They are made of two membranes. The outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it like a skin. The inner membrane folds over many times and creates layered structures called cristae. The fluid contained in the mitochondria is called the matrix.
Chloroplast
Function: Converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds such as sugars from carbon dioxide and water
Structure:The chloroplast has an inner and outer membrane with an empty intermediate space in between. Inside the chloroplast are stacks of thylakoids, called grana, as well as stroma, the dense fluid inside of the chloroplast. These thylakoids contain the chlorophyll that is necessary for the plant to go through photosynthesis.
Microscopy
Light microscope
A light microscope uses focused light and lenses to magnify a specimen, usually a cell. In this way, a light microscope is much like a telescope, except that instead of the object being very large and very far away, it is very small and very close to the lens.
Electron microscope
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses beams of electrons instead of rays of visible light to form larger than "real life" images of tiny areas, materials or biological specimens.
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Cell Fractionation
Cell fractionation is the process used to separate cellular components while preserving individual functions of each component.
This process splits cells up into its organelles. The tissue is chopped up and up into a ice cold, isotonic, buffer solution. This is then put in a blender to break open the cells which is called 'homogenisation'.
The instrument used to accomplish this separation without damaging the cell is known as a centrifuge, a merry-go-round for test tubes.
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Structures/Definitions
Structure
Prokaryotic: Consist of a cell membrane or plasma membrane that acts like a protective cover. They also have a rigid cell wall for added support and protection. Prokaryotic cells have ribosomes, which are molecules that make proteins. Their genetic material is in the nucleoid, which is the region where DNA lives.
Euakryotic: Have a membrane-bound nucleus. numerous membrane-bound organelles (including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria)
Membrane proteins: Consists of one or more segments that are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Most integral proteins contain residues with hydrophobic side chains that interact with fatty acyl groups of the membrane phospholipids, thus anchoring the protein to the membrane.
Membrane: The cell membrane consists primarily of a thin layer of amphipathic phospholipids that spontaneously arrange so that the hydrophobic "tail" regions are isolated from the surrounding water while the hydrophilic "head" regions interact with the intracellular (cytosolic) and extracellular faces of the resulting bilayer.
Diffusion
The net passive movement of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) from a region in which they are in higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. It continues until the concentration of substances is uniform throughout.
Types of diffusion: The two main types of diffusion are passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
Passive Diffusion: The transport in a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input.
Facilitated Diffusion: Is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.
Osmosis: A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.
Types of tonicity: There are three classifications of tonicity that one solution can have relative to another: hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic.
Hypertonic: having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid.
Hypotonic: Having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid.
Isotonic: Refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side.
Types of active transport: There are three main types of Active Transport: The Sodium-Potassium pump, Exocytosis, and Endocytosis.
Sodium-potassium pump: The process of moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrance is an active transport process involving the hydrolysis of ATP to provide the necessary energy.
Excocytosis: A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
Endocytosis: Endocytosis is the process of actively transporting molecules into the cell by engulfing it with its membrane. Endocytosis and exocytosis are used by all cells to transport molecules that cannot pass through the membrane passively.