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chapter 6&7 (Eukaryotic Cells (Nuclear envelope (vesicles (transport…

- - - - The membranes of this system are related either through direct physical continuity or by the transfer of membrane segments.
      - transport vesicles
        
        vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another
        
        Golgi apparatus
        
        transport vesicles
        
        lysosome
        
        a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules.
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        Amoebas and many other unicellular eukaryotes eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles.
  - - - The complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes.
  - - - outer surface lacks ribosomes.
      - Rough ER
        
        is studded with ribosomes on the outer surface of the membrane and thus appears rough through the electron microscope.
  - - - formed by phagocytosis.
      - Contractile vacuoles
        
        that pump excess water out of the cell, thereby maintaining a suitable concentrations of ions and molecules inside the cell.
        
        Central Vacuoles
        
        develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles.
  - - - Found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis. converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds such as sugars from carbon dioxide and water.
      - Endosymbiont theory
        
        mitochondria and chloroplasts display similarities with bacteria that led to endosymbiont theory.
        
        Cristae
        
        the outer membrane is smooth, but the inner membrane is covoluted, with unfolding called cristae.
        
        Mitochondria Matrix
        
        enclosed by the inner membrane.
- - - - Light passes directly through the specimen. Unless the cell is naturally pigmented or artificially stained, the image has little contrast. Used show human cheek epithelial cells.
      - Brightfeild (stained specimen)
        
        staining with various dyes enhances contrast. Most staining procedures require that cells be fixed (preserved), thereby killing them.
        
        Phase-contrast
        
        variation in density within the specimen are amplified to enhance contrast in unstained cells; this is especially useful for examining living, unpigmented cells.
        
        Fluorescence
        
        The location of specific molecules in the cell can be revealed by labeling the molecules with fluorescent dyes or antibodies.
  - - - the membrane-enclosed structures withi eukaryotic cells.
      - Cell Fractionation
        
        A useful technique for studying cell structure and function.
    - - Micrographs taken with a scanning electron microscope show a 3-D image of the surface of image of the surface of a specimen.
      - SEM shows the surface of a cell from a trachea (windpipe) covered with cell projections called cilia.
      - Election micrographs are back and white but are often artificially colorized to highlight particular structures, as has been done with both electron micrograph.
    - - A transmission electron microscope profiles a thin section of a specimen.
      - This TEM shows a section through a tracheal cell, revealing its internal structure.
      - in preparing the specimen, some cilia were cut along their lengths, creating longitudinal sections, while other cilia were cut straight across, creating cross sections.
- - - - contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes.
      - Plastids
        
        The chloroplast is a specialized member of a family of closely related plant organalles.
        
        Peroxisome
        
        A specialized metabolic compartment bounded by single membrane.
  - - - cell motility generally requires interaction of the cytoskeleton.
      - microtubules
        
        hollow rods constructed from globular protein tubullins.
        
        centrosome
        
        region that is often located near nucleus.
        
        cilia
        
        microtubule-containing extensions that project from some cells.
        
        Basil body
        
        structurally very similar to a centriole, with microtubule triplets in a 9 + 0 pattern.
        
        Dyneins
        
        bending involves large motor proteins called dyneins.
        
        actins
        
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