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ANIMALS PHYSIOLOGY (organ systems (excretory; kidneys, urinay bladder;…

- - - - single layer of flatten cells with disc-shaped nuclei
      - secretes lubricating substances in the serosae
      - fond in air sacs of lungs, blood vessels and serosae
    - - single layer of cubelike cellswith large central nuclei
      - function in secretion and absorption
      - found in the kidney and ovary surface
    - - single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei
      - function for absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances
      - found in most digestive tracts, gallbladder and some regions of the uterus
    - - several layers flatten cells, keratinized type
      - petects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
      - vagina, epidermis of skin, mouth
    - - resembles both stratified squamous and stratified columnar
      - permit stored urine to distend urinary organ
      - found in the lines of the ureters, bladder, part of the urethra
  - - - gel-like matrix with all three fibers
      - plays important role in inflamation; holds and conveys tissue fluid
      - found under epithelia, packages organs, surround capillaries
    - - matix as in areolar, but sparse
      - provises food reserve fuel; protect and spport organs
      - found in breast, within abdomen, eyeballs
    - - loose network of recticular fibers in a gel-like ground substance
      - supports other cells
      - found in the bone marrows, spleen and lymph nodes
    - - dense with collagenous fibers
      - attaches musle to bone, bone to joints
      - found in tendons, ligament, heart, aorta, shoulder joint
    - - contains cllagenous fibers embeddded in a rubbery protein-carbohydrate complex
      - serves as resilent cushion, maintains shape of a structure, tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock
      - found in cartilage, external ear, epiglottis. disc jof knee joint,
    - - hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; ver vascularized
      - supports and protects
      - found in bones
    - - red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix
      - transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
      - found within blood vessels
  - - - long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells; obvious striations
      - voluntary movement; locomotion; facial expression
      - found in skeletal muscles attached to bones
    - - branching, striated, generally uninucleated cells that connects at specialized junctions
      - involuntary control; propels into circulation
      - found in the walls of the heart
    - - cells are spindle shaped, with central nuclei; no striations cells arranged closely to form sheets
      - involuntary control; propels substances along internal passageways
      - found in the walls of hollow organs
- - - - animals are vegetarians
      - they survive on plants
      - they include cattle, sea slugs and carterpillars
    - - they enjoy anything that is readily available to them
      - their diets consist of plant foods and proteins
      - they include lemurs, bears, raccoons
    - - they only eat meat and lives on other animals
      - they have strong jaws ans sharp teeths
      - they include lions, crocodiles, sharks
  - - - all organism require a sandard set of 20 amino acid
      - humans require 8 amino acid in their diet
      - they are divide into "complete" and "incomplete"
    - - animals require fatty acids to synthesize a variety of cellular components
      - such as membrane phospholipids
      - they lack enzymes
      - sources could be seeds, grains and vegetables
    - - its a substance that makes you ill if you don't eat it
      - they are organic molecules that are required in the diet in ver small amounts
      - 13 are required by humans
    - - they are organic nutrients
      - they are required in small amount
      - have diverse functions in animal physiology
  - - - gastrin ; from the stomach, signals the relaese of HCL from the stomack
      - cholesystokinin; from the small intestine, stimulates the release of bile salts to physically break down fat
      - enterogastrone; from the small intestine, reduce gastric secretions and motility
      - secretin; from the small intestine, releases HCO3- ions to neutralize acid
    - - mouth; chewing
      - oesophagus; peristalsis
      - stomach; mixing food with gastric juice
      - small intestine; absorbs water and digested nutrients
      - pancreas; make digestive juice that has enzymes
      - liver; makes bile
      - large intestine; absorbs water and changes waste from liguid to stool . peristalsis help move stool to rectum
    - - proteins
        
        stomach pepsin break down proterins to small polypetides
        
        pancreatic trypsin and chrymotrypsin; breaks down small polypeptides to smaller polypeptide
        
        small intestine; pancreatic carboxypeptidase and dipeptidase breaks smaller peptides to amino acids
      - nuclei acids
        
        small intestine; pancretic nucleases break down DNA<RNA to nucleotides
        
        nucleotidases breaksdown nucleotide to nucleosides and nucleosidass and phosphatases breakdown nucleoside to sugars, phosphates
      - carbohydrates
        
        oral cavity and oesophagus salivary amylase breaks polysaccharise to smaller polysaccharides
        
        small intestine; pancreatic amylases; breaks smaller polysaccharide to disaccharides
        
        dissaccharidases break disaccharides to monosaacharide
      - fat
        
        pancreatic lipase breaks down fat to glycerol, fatty acid or monoglcerides