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biology CH6-7 (organells/animal (endoplasmic reticulum (rough (Is…

- - - - Is important for intracellular transport because it gets delivered newly synthesized proteins
      - Made of cistern, tubules, and vesicles. And its called “rough” because it has ribosomes attached to its surface.
      - series of connected flattened sacs, found ind eukaryotic cells and it’s main function is to produce proteins.
    - - Its main function is to make cellular products like hormones and lipids.
      - it is called smooth because it is not studded with ribosomes and is associated with smooth slippery fats
      - Organelle found in both animal & plant cells.
  - - - An organelle in eukaryotic cells that stores and modifies proteins for specific functions and prepares them for transport to other parts of the cell.
      - Chemical products transported have sealed droplets or sacs called vesicles and move to a ‘deliveries only’ part of the Golgi.
      - And then the vesicles are delivered into the ‘unloading bay’ of the cis Golgi network (here the goods received are checked over) they come from the ER to the Golgi or another part of it.
  - - - the bigger submit is whereto amino acids are included can be found floating within cytoplasms or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
      - The tinier submit is where the mRNA binds and decodes a
      - They function to synthesize proteins and are made of proteins and ribonucleic acidic almost equal amounts.
  - - - for support
    - - Use sunlight to create food by photosynthesis
      - They absorb sunlight and use it conjunction with water and carbon dioxide gas to produce food for the plant.
      - The thylakoids contain chlorophyll that is necessary for the plant to do photosynthesis.
      - has a inner and outer membrane with an empty intermediate space in between, inside, it has stacks of thylakoids,
        
        grant as well as stroma, the dense fluid inside.
  - - - nuclear envelope- surrounds the nucleus with double membrane with multiple pores
      - The nuclear membrane are phospholipid bilayers which are only preferable to small non polar molecules and because this allows transport
      - nuclear pore - regulate movement of molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm snd vice velds like they permit passage of water ,ions, ATP
- - - - Hydrophobic parts are found interior of membrane and hydrophilic in contact with aqueous solutions on either side like a sandwich.
      - Carbohydrate side chains may be attached to proteins or lipids on the outer surface.
      - Made of a bilayer (double layer) of phospholipids with various proteins attached or embedded in it.
      - cell membrane itself covered by the glycocalyx (meaning “sugar coat”), a layer of sugar compounds called glycans
      - acts as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients waste to service the entire cell.
  - - - hen another tube at another speed (80,000) microsomes/ pieces of plasma membranes and cells internal membranes. then at (150,000 g) ribosomes
        
        But for each time spinner harder it will be a longer time 10,20,60 minutes and last one was 3 hours to get those results
  - - - most commonly occurs when a cell wants to “export” an important product, such as cells which make enzymes, hormones, and antibodies that are needed throughout the body.
      - The Golgi apparatus can be thought of like a cellular “post office.” It receives packages from the endoplasmic reticulum, processes them, and “addresses” them by adding molecules
      - Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis. In exocytosis, the cell creates a vesicle to enclose something that is inside itself, for the purpose of moving it outside.
      - In the fusion process, the vesicle membrane becomes part of the cell membrane, and the vesicle’s contents are spilled into extracellular space.
      - The Golgi apparatus then packages the finished “addressed” products into vesicles of its own, which move towards the cell membrane where they dock and fuse with it.
    - - the cell uses proteins in its membrane to fold the membrane into the shape of a pocket.
      - third type of active transport, large items, or large amounts of extracellular fluid, may be taken into a cell through the process of endocytosis.
      - This pocket grows until it is pinched off, re-forming the cell membrane around it
        
        and trapping the pocket and its contents inside the cell.
        
        These membrane pockets, which are used to carry materials inside of or between cells, are called “vesicles.”
    - - t is this gradient that allows our nerve cells to fire, creating muscle contractions, sensations, and even thoughts
      - as it is this pump that allows us to move, think, pump blood throughout our bodies, and perceive the world around us
      - Even our heart muscle relies upon these ion gradients to contract!
      - tansport potassium into cells while transporting sodium out of cells is so important that some estimates suggest we spend
        
        total of 20-25% of all the energy we get from food just performing this one task!
      - As animals, our nervous system functions by maintaining a difference in ion concentrations between the inside and outside of nerve cells.
- - - - some cells have molecules that fluoresce on their own.
      - the locations of specific molecules in the cell can be revealed by labeling the molecules with fluorescence dyes or antibodies
      - Fluorescence substances absorb ultra violet radiation & emit visible light
    - - this is especially useful for examining living ,un pigmented cells
- - - - ntil it has reached equilibrium (molecules evenly spread)
    - - A membrane that is selectively permeable has control over what molecules or ions can enter or leave the cell
      - most important feature of a cell’s phospholipid membranes is that they are selectively permeable or semipermeable
      - The permeability of a membrane is dependent on the organization and characteristics of the membrane lipids and proteins
    - - via specific transmembrane integral proteins.
      - (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane
      - transport or passive-mediated transport) is the process of spontaneous passive transport
  - - - when red blood cells, which have a high concentration of protein and salt, are placed in a lower concentration fluid like water, the water will rush into the red blood cells.
  - - - can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism
    - - EX
        
        of this is a virus that damages cell membranes resulting in cell death
        
        If the invading organisms excrete chemicals which are the basis for their toxicity
        
        A specific example is tetanus.