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Chapter 6-7 (Microscope (The development of instruments that extend the…
Chapter 6-7
Microscope
The development of instruments that extend the human senses allowed the discovery and early study of cells.
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glycolipids
some are covalently bonded to lipids, forming molecules
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Cell walls were first seen by Robert Hooke in 1665 as he looked through a microscope at dead cells from the bark of an oak
tree.
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membrane carbohydrates are usually short, branched chains of fewer than 15 sugar units.
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transport proteins
transport protein
these hydrophilic substances can avoid contact with the lipid bilayer by passing through transport proteins that span the membrane.
passive transport
the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane, because the cell does not have to expend energy to make it happen.
osmosis
the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane, whether artificial or cellular.
isotonic
iso means same. if a cell without a cell wall, such as an animal cell, is immersed in an environment that is isotonic to the cell, there will be no net movement of water across the plasma membrane.
hypertonic
Hyper means more. let's transfer the cell to a solution that is hypertonic to the cell. the cell will lose water, shrivel, and probably die.
the movement of water across cell membranes and the balance of water between the cell and its environment are crucial to organisms.
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