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Unit 4: The tertiary sector (Tourism (II). Effects and tourism policies (5…

- - - - Public: Provided by the State and the public administration using money collected from taxes. Their main aim is to contribute to social welfare
      - Private: Delivered by private companies using money paid by those who demand the service. Their main aim is to earn financial profit
    - - Commercial
      - Transport
      - Leisure and tourism
      - Information
      - Administrative
      - Financial
      - Cultural
      - Social services
      - Personal services
    - - Low-skilled services, which requires few qualifications
      - Skilled services, which requires professional training
      - Highly-skilled services (quaternary sector), which requires an advanced level of professional training for areas
- - - - Road transport
        It is the most widely used network for passengers and freight transport over medium and short distances
        Advantages are direct access between the points of departure and arrival, along with flexible travel times
        Its disadvantages are its low load capacity, both for passengers and freight; high traffic density (more risk of accidents); and atmospheric pollution
        Today, developed countries have numerous, dense and well-built networks of main roads and motorways. This facilitates state control over territories, economic activity and the movement of people. However in underdeveloped countries there are not enough networks and they are poorly built, contributing to these countries' ongoing limited economic development
      - Rail transport
        It's used for passengers and freight transport over medium and short distances
        Its advantages are its high load capacity, safety, speed and low pollution
        Its disadvantages are the rigidity of the route and the high cost of building and maintaining the lines
        Today, railways are recovering from the crisis caused by competition from road and air transport
        Passengers transport: high-speed trains compete with air and road transportover medium distances; and local trains compete with cars and buses over short distances
        Freight transport: the use of containers has become standard, as it makes loading and unloading operations easier, offers lower costs and increases competitiveness
  - - - Sea transport
        Maritime freight transport is the best means of transporting heavy and voluminous freight over long distances
        Its advantages are the high load capacity and low cost
        Its disadvantages are the slow speeds and risks of polluting the sea along the shipping routes
        Today, freight ships tend to increase their tonnage and speeds, specialise in a single type of freight and use the container system. Ports have been adapted to receive a range of different types of ships and they have terminals that use the same procedures worldwide
        Passenger sea trasnport: The sector focuses on tourist cruise ships and ferries
      - Air transport
        Aeroplanes are used for long-distance passengers transport and the transport of perishable, urgent and low-volume and high-value goods
        Its advantages are speed, safety and the independence from the obstacles posed by the terrain or the need to cross seas
        Their disadvantages are the high costs of setting up and maintaining air companies, the high fuel prices and consumption rates and the noise and atmospheric pollution
        Today, passengers transport has expanded with the creation of charter flights, the proliferation of low-cost air companies and the increase of regional flights in small planes
        Airborne freight transport takes advantage of airports in large urban industrial areas along with the services they provide
        As a result, it has been necessary to develop airports by building new runways, passenger and freight terminals and land transport links
- - - - Waterside tourism: The most widespread (beach holidays, sailing and watersports and spa holidays)
      - Mountain tourism: Takes advantage of mountainous regions and their attraction (skiing and other sporting and adventure activities)
      - Rural tourism: It provides experiences of traditional agrarian activities and ecosystems of special value, visits to country museums, relaxation, and the purchase of natural or artisanal products
      - Other forms of tourism: cultural tourism, business tourism and religious tourism
- - - - Elements
        
        Supply and demand (seller and buyers)
        
        Merchandise
        
        Payment
        
        Market
        
        Physical marketplace
        
        Abstract market
  - - - Pre-industrial era: Limited trade because of the low level of goods, the population's limited purchasing power and transport difficulties. Local trade only with basic products and international trade with expensive items
      - Industrial era: Production increased, purchasing power improved and transport developed, leading to an increase in domestic and foreign trade
    - - Since the 1980s, trade has undergone the "comercial revolution"
        
        The supply of products diversified and new forms of sale were born
        
        Customer demand has increased its purchasing power; diversified in terms of age, gender and background; become better informed and is highly influenced by advertising, while shopping has become linked to leisure
        
        New technologies have been incorporated into retail equipment, purchasing and payment methods
        
        This has led to an increase in domestic trade and have globalised foreign trade
- - - - Servicios públicos: prestados por el Estado y la administraciones públicas con el dinero recaudado por los impuestos. Su fin principal es proporcionar bienestar social
      - Servicios privados: Gestionados por empresas privadas con el dinero pagado por los demandantes del servicio. Su fin principal es obtener beneficios económicos
    - - Comerciales
      - Transporte
      - Ocio y turismo
      - Información
    - - Servicios banales (escasa cualificación)
      - Servicios superiores (especialización profesional)
      - Servicios avanzados (sector cuaternario)(requiere elevada especialización)
- - - - Concretos
      - Abstractos
  - - - Comercio limitado por la escasa producción, el bajo nivel adquisitivo, y las dificultades del transporte. Predominaba el comercio local de artículos básicos y el internacional se limitaba a artículos caros para los ricos
    - - El aumento de la producción, la mejora en el poder adquisitivo y el desarrollo de los transportes incrementaron el comercio interior y exterior
  - - - La oferta de productos se ha diversificado y adopta nuevas formas de venta
      - La demanda ha incrementado su capacidad de compra, se ha diversificado, está mejor informada sobre marcas, precios y calidad, se encuentra muy influida por la publicidad y asocia la compra con el ocio
      - Las nuevas tecnologías se han incorporado al equipamiento comercial, a la compra y al pago
- - - - Compra directamente a los productores grandes cantidades, que luego vende a otros comerciantes o empresas. Las mercancías suelen concentrarse en mercados centrales, a las afueras de las ciudades
    - - Vende directamente a los consumidores en diversos establecimientos comerciales
- - - - La Unión Europea y Estados Unidos: Se centran en la exportación de manufacturas y tecnologías y en la importación de materias primas y energía. Crece la exportación de productos intermedios hacia países emergentes, donde se transforma en productos finales que después importan
      - Los países emergentes han incrementado su participación en el comercio mundial. Su comercio con los países más avanzados se basa en importar manufacturas, tecnología, y productos intermedios; y en reexportar productos finales baratos y cada vez más, de medio y alto contenido tecnológico. Su comercio con los países menos avanzados se basa en exportar manufacturas y productos tecnológicos de bajo precio, e importar materias primas y energía.
      - El resto de países participan mucho menos en el comercio mundial.