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Population Genetics and Evolution (Evolution and the Origin of Life…

- - - - May grow or reproduce slowly
      - Die early without reproducing
      - More likely to be eliminated
    - - grow and reproduce better
      - Produce greater number of gametes
      - Ability to survive increases
- - - - recently burned area
      - recently flooded plain
        
        Covered with rich sediments
      - Road cut
  - - - humans posefully change alleles frequency
      - Occurs in gene pool
      - Examples: Selective breeding of crops or animals
      - Used to produce ornamental plants
      - Used to alter flower color
    - - Survive of the fittest
      - More adapted to environment
      - Two conditions must be met for it to occur
        
        Population must produce more offspring to reproduce
        
        Usually valid for most plants on earth
        
        Progeny must differ from each other in alleles
    - - Organism cannot adapt
      - Example: Collision of large meteorite or volcanic eruption
      - Small vs large events
    - - Intention
      - Planning
      - Purpose
      - Voluntary decision making
    - - All genomes are subjected to mutations
        
        Significant vs non-signicant
      - Mutations occur continually
      - Existing alleles decreases and new increase
  - - - Total number of alleles in all the sex cells
      - All individuals of a population
- - - - Occupied outermost layer
      - accompanied by other molecules
        
        Proteins
        
        Hydrophobic exterior
        
        Hydophilic interior
    - - Controlled only by relative solubility
      - Would have been heterotrophs
    - - Accumulated automatically
      - Oil slicks in quiet water
        
        Droplets in agitated water
  - - - Absorbing all material from ocean
      - modifying only a few molecules
  - - - Whether clays might have concentrated monomers
      - and acted as the first primitive catalysts
  - - - Sugars
      - Lipids
      - Amino acids
      - Nitrogen Bases
    - - Using several types of energy sources
      - Including metal ions in water
      - Varying on atmospheric compositions
  - - - Allowed world to rust
      - created conditions that selected evolution for aerobic respiration
    - - Atmosphere present today
        
        derived from early second atmosphere
      - by addition of oxygen for photosynthesis
    - - Kept concentration of free oxygen low
      - Humans are obligate aerobic animals
    - - Organisms could move higher in oceans
      - organisms could move out of ocean onto land
      - Transition of terrestrial life became possible
  - - - Identical
    - - More complex than nonliving
      - Does not possess unique properties
  - - - Russian scientist
    - - a great deal of time
      - appropriate energy sources
      - right inorganic chemicals
      - absence of O2 in its destructive molecular form
  - - - Reducing atmosphere
        
        Due to lack of molecular oxygen
        
        and presence of powerful reducing agents
        
        Early second atmosphere
      - Second atmosphere
        
        heavy bombardment by meteorites
        
        Produced by release of gas from rock matrix
      - Second/Reducing atmosphere composed of:
        
        Ammonia
        
        NH3
        
        Methane
        
        CH4
        
        Hydrogen Sulfide
        
        H2S
        
        Water
        
        H2O
    - - Heat
        
        Coalescence of gas
        
        Radioactive Decay
      - Radiation
        
        UV radiation
        
        Gamma Radiation
    - - Had no limits
        
        Due to lack of free molecular oxygen
      - Without Oxygen
        
        No agent present to cause breakdown
        
        Decomposition of chemicals is created
      - With Oxygen
        
        Not formed or oxidized
        
        Could accumulate for millions of years
- - - - Any biological barrier that prevents successful gene flow
      - Sympatric Speciation
        
        2 groups are reproductively isolated
        
        Grow together
      - Prezygotic isolation mechanisms
        
        Neither pollination or fertilization can occur
        
        Prevent pollen from moving from one plant to another
        
        Before Zygote can be formed
      - Postzygotic isolation mechanisms
        
        Breed but cannot produce viable offspring
        
        Sub-Populations must be considered
        
        Hybrid Sterility
        
        Produce viable seeds
        
        Seeds grow into sterile plants
        
        Hybrid In-viability
        
        Can not even produce sterile hybrid
        
        Zygote or embryo die in early development
        
        Occurs after fertilization
    - - Type of divergent evolution
        
        Rapidly diverge into many new speciees
        
        Over extremely short period of time
      - Occurs when species enters a new habitat
        
        with no competition
        
        Or environmental stresses
      - Example: Galapagos Islands
      - Founder Individuals
        
        All offspring generally resemble
        
        Initial gene pool is extremely small
        
        Founder
        
        Just one seed
        
        Original gene pool has 2 sets of alleles
      - Genetic Drift
        
        gene pool changes rapidly and erratically
        
        Becomes heterogeneous
    - - Defintion: Any physical, nonliving feature
        
        Prevents 2 populations from exchanging genes
      - Allopatric Speciation
        
        Cannot interbreed
        
        Also known as geographic speciation
      - Geographic Speciation #
        
        Cannot interbreed
        
        Separated by some type of physical barrier
        
        Ocean
        
        Deforestation
        
        Mountains
    - - If alleles in one region don't reach other
      - 2 regions become isolated
      - 2 ways it can occur
        
        Abiological
        
        Biological
  - - - Resemble each other strongly phenotypically
  - - - Long dispersal mechanisms
        
        Flood
        
        Stream Flow
        
        Wind
      - Migratory animals are important
      - New alleles can spread throughout the new site
    - - Pollen grain each carry one full haploid
      - All alleles are present in pollen grain
      - Examples:
        
        Wind-distributed pollen
        
        Grasses
        
        Ragweed
        
        Conifers
        
        Animal mediated pollen
        
        Birds
        
        Insects
    - - Small, mobile pieces that reproduce vegetatively
    - - Movement of alleles physically through space
      - Occurs in many ways
        
        Seed Dispersal
        
        Vegetative Propagation
        
        Pollen Transfer