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Chapter 16: Core Democratic Principles and Public Policy (The Stages of…
Chapter 16: Core Democratic Principles and Public Policy
The Concept of Public Policy
Public Policy
A relatively stable, purposive course of action pursued by government officials or agencies.
The Stages of Policymaking
Agenda setting, which produces the list of issues and problems the government will pay attention to
Policy formulation and adoption, wherein the government considers the various alternatives to the issue at hand and formally approves a particular alternative
Policy implementation, in which the government translates the approved alternative into action
Policy evaluation, wherein government and nongovernment actors assess the successes and problems of public policies
Agenda Setting
Public Agenda
All issues and problems that have the attention of the government at a particular point in time.
Arrow's Impossibility Theorem
A formal proof that no decision-making system can guarantee that the rank-ordered preferences of a group will reflect the rank-ordered preferences of the set of rational individuals who make up that group.
Garbage Can Model
A model that attempts to explain why decision making in large complex institutions often seems irrational.
Choosing Issues
Indicators
Any measures that can be employed as systematic monitoring devices.
Focusing Event
Something that grabs attention immediately and puts an issue on the public agenda.
Feedback
The information policymakers routinely receive through government reports, hearings, the news, casework, meetings with lobbyists and government officials, and contact with constituents.
Policy Formulation and Adoption
Policy Formulation and Adoption
The stage in the policymaking process in which government considers various alternatives to the issue or problem at hand and formally approves one of those alternatives.
Institutional Agenda
A short list of actionable items being given serious consideration by policymaking institutions.
Rational-Comprehensive Decision Making
A decision-making approach characterized by consideration of all alternatives to a problem or issue, an analysis of the costs and benefits of each alternative, and selection of the alternative with the most benefits at the least cost.
Incrementalism
A decision-making approach characterized by making current decisions that are small adjustments to past decisions.
Policy Implementation
The process of translating government intent into government action.
Policy Evaluation
Policy Evaluation
The process of examining the consequences of public policy.
Process Evaluations
Evaluations undertaken with the goal of assessing whether a program or policy is being implemented according to its stated guidelines.
Impact Evaluations
Evaluations undertaken to assess the outcomes or effects of a policy or program.