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Population Genetics & Evolution (Speciation (Divergent speciation…
Population Genetics & Evolution
Process of Evolution
Emergence of new species
Natural selection
Mutations
New advantageous alleles
Increase chances of survival/reproduction
Slow process
Population Genetics
Gene pool
Where natural selection doesn't happen
Genetically identical populations
Non-competitive habitats
Impossible conditions
Multiple selection pressures
2+ factors involved
Insect attack
Drought
Cold
Need for pollinators
Metabolism
Seed dispersing system
Factors changing gene pool
Artificial selection
Changed by humans
Ex. selective breeding
Natural selection
Causes emergence of new species
Survival of fittest
2 conditions
Excessive amount of offspring
Different progeny in alleles
Genetic diversity
Accidents
Non-adaptable events
Selective forces
Remove weak only
Not part of natural selection
Intention
Planning
Purpose
Voluntary decision making
Mutation
Affects allele frequency
Rates of Evolution
Generally a slow process
Few mutations change phenotype
Complexity slows process
Exceptions
Loss of metabolism
Loss of structure
Speciation
Divergent speciation
Reproductive isolation
Biological reproductive barriers
Sympatric speciation
Prezygotic isolation mechanisms
Act before fertilization
Evolutionary changes in pollinators
Postzygotic internal isolation barrers
Act after fertilization
Hybrid sterility
Hybrid inviability
Abiological reproductive barriers
Allopatric/geographic speciation
Physical, nonliving barriers
Mountain ranges
Rivers
Deserts and oceans
Adaptive radiation
Rapid evolution of species
Founder individual
Homogeneous population
Genetic drift
Heterogeneous population
Convergent evolution
Two species' phenotypes converge
Cacti and euphorbias
Phyletic speciation
Gradually become new species
Gene flow
Vegetative propagation
Small piece of plant
Pollen transfer
One full haploid genome
Seed dispersal
Dispersal and germination
Evolution & Origin of Life
Chemosynthesis
Aggregation & organization
Fatty, hydrophobic material
Early metabolism
Metabolic pathways arose
Use of enzymes
Glycolysis
Formation of polymers
Seaside pools
Pools hot, polymers formed
Pools frozen, polymers formed
Absorption by clay particles
Concentrations of monomers
Oxygen
Oxidizing atmosphere
Two consequences
Allowed world to rust
Formation of aerobic respiration
Ozone layer
Terrestrial life possible
Chemicals produced chemosynthetically
Small organic molecules formed
Experiments by S. Miller
Presence of life
Unsure when life began
Conditions before life
Energy sources
UV/gamma radiation from sun
Heat
Coalescence of gas & dust
Radioactive decay
Lightning
Time available
No limits
Chemicals in atmosphere
Second atmosphere
Reducing atmosphere
