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60-year old woman with damage to papillary muscle in left ventricle now…

- - - - Leading to
        
        External Surface (Appearance)
        
        Increases in weight gain
        
        Increase fat deposits in extremities and joints
        
        Increase physiological effort to
        
        Provide adequate blood flow (nutrients)
        
        Move body
        
        Internal Surface
        
        Blockage of Arteries
        
        Coronary Arteries
        
        Feeds the heart and its structures
        
        Obesity effects on arteries
        
        Increase blockage of arteries
        
        1 more item...
        
        Increased plaque build up
  - - - Leading to irreversible damage to papillary muscles
        
        Function of papillary muscles
        
        Attach to chordinae tendinae
        
        Ensure uni-direction blood flow
        
        Damages to left papillary muscle
        
        Creates improper clsoing of atrioventricular valve
        
        Inadequate blood volume (stroke volume)
        
        Affects systemic circulation/perfusion of body
        
        3 more items...
- - - - Right Atrium
        
        Tricuspid Valve (Right Atrioventricular Valve)
        
        Right Ventricle
        
        Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
        
        Pulmonary Trunk
        
        Pulmonary Arteries (Left/Right)
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Atrioventricular Valves (AV valves)
        
        Left AV (Bicuspid valve)
        
        Ensures unidirectional flow of blood to
        
        Left Ventricle
        
        Right AV (Tricuspid valve)
        
        Ensures unidirectional flow of blood to
        
        Right Ventricle
      - Semi-lunar Valves (SL valves)
        
        Aortic Semi-lunar valve
        
        Prevents backflow of blood to left ventricle
        
        Ensure maximal oxygenated-blood volume to be ejected to
        
        Systemic circulation
        
        Pulmonary Semi-lunar valve
        
        Prevents backflow of blood to right ventricle
        
        Ensues maximal deoxygenated blood volume to be ejected to
        
        Pulmonary circulation
    - - Attach to chordae tendineae
        
        Help close valves during ventricular discharge
  - - - Left Ventricle
        
        Thicker myocardium
        
        Higher pressure to eject oxygenated-blood to
        
        Aorta (for systemic circulation)
      - Right Ventricle
        
        Pumps deoxygenated-blood to pulmonary trunk for
        
        Pulmonary circulation
    - - Coronary Arteries (enter heart by coronary sulcus)
        
        Right Coronary Artery
        
        Right Marginal Artery
        
        Serves myocardium of lateral right side of heart
        
        Posterior Interventricular Artery
        
        Supplies posterior ventricular walls
        
        Left Coronary Artery
        
        Supplies left side of heart
        
        Anterior Interventricular Artery
        
        Supplies blood/nutrients to
        
        Interventricular septum
        
        Anterior walls of both ventricles
        
        Circumflex Artery
        
        Supplies (2)
        
        Left Atrium
        
        Posterior walls of left ventricle
        
        Posterior Interventricular Artery
        
        supplies blood/nutrients to posterior ventricular walls
      - Coronary Veins
        
        Cardiac Veins
        
        Fuse to form coronary sinus
        
        Empties blood to right atrium
        
        Anterior Cardiac veins
        
        Great Cardiac Vein
    - - Left Atrium
        
        Smooth/Pectinate muscle in auricle
      - Right Atrium
        
        Smooth posterior wall
        
        Pectinate muscle from anterior portion
    - - Chorade Tendineae
        
        Anchored to AV valves
        
        Help to position AV valves in closed position during ventricular contraction
    - - Trabeculae Carneae
        
        Synergistic to ventricular contraction
      - Papillary muscle
        
        Anchored to chordae tendineae
        
        Help to shunt AV valves from backward opening
      - Pectinate Muscles
        
        ridges of muscle around right atrium
        
        Synergistic to atrium contraction
      - Fossa Ovalis
        
        Fetal structure
        
        method to feed heart quickly
        
        Bypass heart strucutes
  - - - Sounds like "lub-dup/pause/lup-dup"
        
        Associated with closing of heart valves
        
        1st Sound
        
        Closure of AV valves (tricuspid/bicuspid)
        
        Greater ventricular pressure than atrial pressure
        
        Sound is longer/more resonant than 2nd
        
        2nd Sound
        
        Closure of Semilunar Valves (aortic/pulmonary)
        
        Results in ventricular relaxation
        
        short/sharp sound
  - - - Measurement of the pressure within
        
        Systemic Circulation
      - High pressure
        
        Left side of heart function
        
        High pressure
        
        Measurement of heart contraction/relaxation
        
        Systolic Pressure (Contraction)
        
        Diastolic Pressure (relaxation)
    - - Systemic Circulation caused by
        
        Ejection of blood from Left Ventricle
        
        Aorta branches to (3)
        
        Left Common Carotid Artery
        
        Left Subclavian Artery
        
        Brachiocephalic Trunk
        
        High pressure within the arteries
        
        Changes in lifestyle cause changes in blood pressure
        
        Diet high in fats
        
        Can increase the amount of fatty plaque in arteries
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Decrease in breathing rate (calm-deep breathing)
        
        Can help to decrease heart rate
        
        Help to increase end-diastolic volume
      - Increases in breathing rate (Exercise/Stress)
        
        Increased heart rate to meet metabolic demands
        
        Decrease in end-diastolic volume
        
        Increase in end-systolic volume
  - - - Amount of blood pumped out by ventricle in 1 min
    - - Volume of blood ejected from one ventricle w/one beat (contraction)
        
        Represents force of ventricular contraction
    - - Degree of a cardiac muscle to
        
        Stretch just before contraction
    - - The amount of heart beats (contract of ventricles)
    - - Systolic pressure (ventricular contraction) heart must pump against
        
        Increase pressure in Systemic Circulation (Aorta)
        
        Increases afterload pressure in left ventricle
        
        Increase in Pulmonary Circulation
        
        Increase afterload pressure in right ventricle
    - - Resistance of blood flow to arteires
        
        Dilating Arteries
        
        Decrease in peripheral resistance
        
        Constricting Arteries
        
        Increase in peripheral resistance
- - - - Abnormal heart sounds In atria
        
        Atrial fibrillation
      - Irregular heartbeats
    - - Overworking heart by
        
        Re-pumping blood multiple times due to
        
        Back-flow of blood due to failed valve
    - - General fatigue/weakness
      - Short-ness of breath
  - - - Increased onset of muscular fatigue
    - - Increased effort to ventilate
        
        Pulmonary Hypertension
        
        Due to high blood pressure resulting from backflow
    - - Inadequate transportation of O2/nutrients
        
        Muscular fatigue
    - - Due to lack of circulation/amount of blood
        
        Inadequate hormone delivery to target glands/organs
        
        Skeletal system compensates