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Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function (Basic Physiology…
Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
Basic Physiology
Digestive System
Helps process and absorb food into body
Contains mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, etc.
Circulatory System
Contains heart, blood vessels, and blood
Transports materials from different organ systems throughout the entire body
Respiratory System
Contains lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes, etc.
Controls respiration and gas exchange within the organism
Immune and Lymphatic System
Helps with body defense against malignant pathogens
Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, etc.
Excretory System
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, etc.
Helps dispose waste and regulates osmotic balance of blood
Endocrine System
Coordinates body activities through the usage of hormones
Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, other hormone-secreting organ, etc.
Reproductive System
Produces gametes, helps with fertilization and embryonic development for reproduction
Ovaries, testes, etc.
Nervous System
Helps with coordination and performing bodily functions and actions
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs, etc.
Integumentary System
Skin, hair, claws, etc.
Protects body from physical intrusions and thermoregulates the body
Skeletal System
Supports body, protects internal organs, and helps with bodily movement
Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, skeleton, etc.
Muscular System
Helps with organism and bodily movement
Skeletal muscles, etc.
Physiology
Study of biological function in animals
Hierarchy of Body Plan
Cells
- basic form of life
Tissues
- collection of cells
Organ
- collection of tissues to serve a function
Types of Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Other Characteristics
They line up outside of body and line up organs/cavities
They contain
tight junctions
that help them stick together
They act as a barrier against pathogens, fluid loss, and physical injury
These cells also interact with the environment
Ex: Epithelium cells in a wolf's nose helps with smelling
Epithelial cells are also
polar
, meaning they have two opposite sides: the
apical
and
basal
side
Cuboidal Epithelium
Cube-shaped cells that help with excretion
Ex: Kidney tubules and many glands
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Long, brick-shaped, column-like cells that help with excretion and active absorption
Ex: Intestinal walls contain these cells that absorb and expel digestive juices
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Thin, plate-like cells that help with the diffusion of particles
Ex: Blood vessel walls and air sac lung walls have these cells that help diffuse nutrients and gases
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial
Single-layered cells that vary in height and nuclei position that have cilia
Ex: These cells form a mucous membrane along the respiratory tract where the cilia moves the mucus to the surface
They look like the have a lot of layers like stratified cells, but they don't
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Multi-layered cells that regenerate quickly
New cells are pushed upward from basal to apical to replace old ones
Ex: Skin, mouth, anus, vagina, and other cells that are vulnerable to abrasion have these cells
Apical Surface
- side facing open space/lumen
Basal Surface
- side facing inside body
Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition
Nutrition
Essential Nutrients
Lipids
Monomers are
fatty acid chains
that contain fatty acid and glycerol tails
Usually broken down by lipase
Contains
essential fatty acids
that cannot be found in naturally
Protein
8 Essential Amino Acids
Leucine
Isoleucine
Threonine
Lysine
Tryptophan
Methionine
Valine
Phenylalanine
Histidine (only for human infants)
Usually broken down by protease and other enzymes
Contains 20 amino acids for proper nutrition
Monomers are
amino acids
Carbohydrates
Monomers are
monosaccharides
Usually broken down by amylase
Other Nutrients
Vitamins
Water Soluble Vitamins
B1 (Thiamine)
B2 (Riboflavin)
B3 (Niacin)
B5 (Pantothenic acid)
B6 (Pyridoxine)
B7 (Biotin)
B9 (Folic acid)
B12 (Cobalamin)
C (ascorbic acid)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
A (Retinol)
D
E (Tocopherol)
K (Phylloquinone)
Definition
- organic molecules that should be taken in small amounts
Minerals
Definition
- inorganic molecules that should be taken in small amounts
Human Mineral Requirements
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Potassium
Chlorine
Sodium
Magnesium
Iron
Fluorine
Iodine