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LIVER,GALLBLADDER,AND PANCREATIC DISORDERS ((CIRRHOSIS (TREATMENTS- (a low…
LIVER,GALLBLADDER,AND PANCREATIC DISORDERS
LIVER DISORDER HEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS
HEPATITIS- INFLAMMATION OF LIVER
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS OF HEPATITIS
HEPATITIS E- Symptoms include jaundice, lack of appetite, and nausea. In rare cases, it may progress to acute liver failure.
HEPATITIS C-Most people have no symptoms. Those who do develop symptoms may have fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, and yellowing of the eyes and skin.
HEPATITIS B
Symptoms are variable and include yellowing of the eyes, abdominal pain, and dark urine. Some people, particularly children, don't experience any symptoms. In chronic cases, liver failure, cancer, or scarring can occur.-
HEPATITIS D-Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, and fatigue.
HEPATITIS A-Symptoms include fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and low-grade fever.
TYPES OF HEPATITIS
HEPATITIS AHepatitis A is preventable by vaccine. It spreads from contaminated food or water, or contact with someone who is infected.-
HEPATITIS C-The virus is spread by contact with contaminated blood, for example, from sharing needles or from unsterile tattoo equipment.-
HEPATITIS B-This disease is most commonly spread by exposure to infected body fluids.
HEPATITIS D occurs only among people who are infected with the Hepatitis B virus. Transmission requires contact with infectious blood. At-risk populations include intravenous drug abusers and people who have received multiple blood transfusions.-
HEPATITIS E The hepatitis E virus is mainly transmitted through drinking water contaminated with fecal matter.-
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-is most commonly caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). These three viruses can all result in acute disease with symptoms of nausea, abdominal pain, fatigue, malaise, and jaundice.
CIRRHOSIS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY -slows the normal flow of blood through the liver, thus increasing pressure in the vein that brings blood to the liver from the intestines and spleen. Swelling in the legs and abdomen. The increased pressure in the portal vein can cause fluid to accumulate in the legs (edema) and in the abdomen (ascites). -
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
Yellowing of the skin (jaundice) due
to the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood.
Fatigue.
Weakness.
Loss of appetite.
Itching.
Easy bruising from decreased production
of blood clotting factors by the diseased liver.
TREATMENTS-
a low-salt diet or tablets called diuretics
to reduce the amount of fluid in your body.
tablets to reduce high blood pressure in your portal vein,
the main vein that transports blood from the gut to the liver.
creams to reduce itching.
TREATMENTS FOR HEPATITIS
HEPATITIS B-The condition often clears up on its own. Chronic
cases need medication and possibly a liver transplant.
Hepatitis C is treated with antiviral medications. In some
people, newer medicines can eradicate the virus.
ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS-Treatment involves hydration, nutritional care, and stopping
alcohol use. Steroid drugs can help reduce liver inflammation.
AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS-When treated early, it often can be controlled with drugs that
suppress the immune system. In rare cases, a liver transplant may be needed.
HEPATITIS D-There are few treatments specifically for hepatitis D although different
regimens may be tried. Management also focuses on supportive care.
HEPATITIS A-The condition clears up on its own in one or two months. Rest and adequate hydration can help.
Hepatitis E usually resolves on its own within four to six weeks.
GALL BLADDERS DISORDER
Biliary colic. A term for severe episodes of pain caused by
gallstone blockage of the cystic duct. ...
Dysfunctional gallbladder or chronic gallbladder disease. ...
Gallstones (cholelithiasis). ...
Inflamed gallbladder (cholecystitis). ...
Sclerosing cholangitis.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GALL BLADDER-Gallstones are hard, pebble-like structures that obstruct the cystic duct. The formation of gallstones is often preceded by the presence of biliary sludge, a viscous mixture of glycoproteins, calcium deposits, and cholesterol crystals in the gallbladder or biliary ducts-
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS-
Pain. The most common symptom of a gallbladder problem is pain.
Nausea or vomiting. Nausea and vomiting are common
symptoms of all types of gallbladder problems.
Fever or chills.
Chronic diarrhea.
Jaundice.
Unusual stools or urine.
TREATMENTS-
Treatment consists of diet modifications
People who experience symptoms usually require gallbladder removal surgery
. Gallstones that don't cause symptoms usually don't need treatment.
Self-care
Low fat diet
Medications
Cholesterol medication
Cholecystectomy and Laparoscopic surgery
Specialists
Primary care provider (PCP), General surgeon, and Gastroenterologist
PANCREATIC DISORDERS
There are a variety of disorders of the pancreas including acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, hereditary pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. The evaluation of pancreatic diseases can be difficult due to the inaccessibility of the pancreas
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-Pancreatitis, inflammation of the pancreas, either acute or chronic. The disorder is most commonly caused by excessive intake of alcohol, trauma, and obstruction of pancreatic ducts by gallstones. Inflammation is caused by the escape of pancreatic enzymes into the tissues of the pancreas
TREATMENTS-
a hospital stay to treat dehydration with intravenous (IV) fluids and, if you can swallow them, fluids by mouth.
pain medicine, and antibiotics by mouth or through an IV if you have an infection in your pancreas.
a low-fat diet, or nutrition by feeding tube or IV if you can't eat.
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS-
Upper abdominal pain.
Abdominal pain that radiates to your back.
Abdominal pain that feels worse after eating.
Fever.
Rapid pulse.
Nausea.
Vomiting.
Tenderness when touching the abdomen.
Surgery