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Chapter 6-7 (6.5 (Mitochondria (cellular respiration- uses oxygen to…

- - - - two membranes
        
        some ribosome production
        
        cristae is inner membrane and has infolds
        
        Mitochondrial matrix-contains enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes
  - - - two membranes
        
        some ribosome production
        
        intermembrane space, stroma, thylakolid
        
        Granum is a stack of thylakoid
        
        plastids are similar related plant organelles
  - - - contains enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrats and transfer them to oxygen
        
        Produce hydrogen perioxide
        
        breaksdown fattyacids for mitochondria to use for cellular respiration
- - - - contain genetic material
  - - - Carry out protein synthesis
        
        Free ribosomes float in cytosol
        
        Bound Ribosomes are attached to the rough ER
- - - - Middle lamina
        
        inbetween cell walls and covered in pectins
        
        plasmodesmata- channels that connect cells, allows for movement of items throughout all cells
    - - strong and durable matrix and multi layered
  - - - mostly collagen- protecoglycans
        
        fibronectin is connected to ECM by integrins
        
        tight junction, gap junction, desomosomes
- - - - Contrast- difference of light and dark images
        
        Cell Fractionation-break cells apart and separate them for studying via a centrifuge
    - - Light is projected through specimen then through lens- First type/common
        
        unable to see some organelles
    - - developed in the 1950's
        
        projects electrons through specimens to the lens
        
        100 fold improvement in image
      - Scanning Microscope
        
        detailed study
      - Transformation electron microsope
        
        study internal structures of cells
- - - - DNA is contained in Nucleus
        
        Cytoplasm-refers to region between nucleus and plasma membrane
    - - DNA is Contained in Nucleoid not membrane bound
    - - Surface area is divided by volume
        
        Surface Area-height multiplied by width times the number of sides of shapes multiplied by the number of shapes
- - - - takes up more than half of total membrane in Eukaryotic cells
      - Smooth ER
        
        Lacks attached Ribosomes
        
        Synthesizes-lipids, oils, Steroids, and new membrane phospholipids, Sex Hormones in Animal cells, Detoxification, stores Calcium Ions
        
        Lysosomes
        
        is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that are used in eukaryotic to digest macromolecules
        
        Vacoules
        
        3 more items...
        
        Carryout inter cellular digestion called Phagocytosis
        
        Autophagy- digestion and recycle own DNA
      - Rough ER
        
        Ribosomes are attached to ER
        
        Insulin production, Glycoproteins
      - Golgi Apparatus-
        
        acts as the warehouse- it ships, recivies, and produces of proteins
        
        contains cisterna in its internal spaces
        
        CIS to Trans movement of Proteins
- - - - motor proteins are used for movements
    - - intertwined stands of actin
        
        7nm
        
        maintain cell shape for tension bearing- muscle contraction
    - - fibrous protein coils
        
        8-12nm
        
        maintain cell shape for tension bearing and holds down nucleus and other organelles
    - - hollow
        
        25nm-15nm lumen
        
        contain tubulin
        
        maintain cell shape for compression
        
        Flagella and Cilia
        
        basal body
        
        1 more item...
        
        9+3 ratio
    - - contains a pair of centroles which contain 9 sets of triplet pairs arranged in a ring
- - - - Transports
        
        hydrophillc channel- some require ATP to pump item in an out of cell
        
        Signal Transduction- a signal is matched to the receptor to allowing cell to react
        
        cell to cell recognition- cells bonded together at receptors and typically don't last long
        
        intercellular joining-membrane proteins hook togetherat gap or tight junctions more long lasting
        
        cytoskeleton and ECM- noncovalently bonded to cell proteins that help maintain cell shape
        
        1 more item...
- - - - hydrophilic tunnel that allows for substances to enter cell
        
        Aquaporins- allows for water to move through membrane
- - - - passive transports-diffusion of a substances through biological membrane- no energy required
        
        osmosis-the movement of water across cell membranes and balance between cell and enviroment
        
        Tonicity-the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
        
        isotonic- no net water movement
        
        osmoregulation
        
        1 more item...
        
        if a cell is hypotonic then water will move into the cell and eventually burst
        
        if a solution is hypertonic then the cell will shrivel up
- - - - membrane potential--50 to -200millivolts
        
        electrochemical gradient- ions moving based on charge of cell
      - pumps sodium out and lets potassium in(3 to 2 ratio)
      - electopumps- voltage released when used- proton pump