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B5 - homeostasis and nervous system (Nervous system (neurones (Sensory,…
B5 - homeostasis and nervous system
Endocrine system
Hormones are chemicals produced by glands, they travel in the bloodstream and elicit a response in the target organ.
The pituitary gland is the master regulator, it controls everything in your body.
Negative feedback: when a product of a reaction causes a decrease in the same reaction, hormones work on a negative feedback loop.
Adrenalin
Adrenaline: adrenaline is produced in the adrenal glands and it targets the heart and part of the respiratory system and speeds the heartbeat up as part and increased breathing. Stimuli is stress or fear. This means increased blood flow which means more glucose and oxygen. Increased energy because of increased respiration.
Thyroxine
thyroxine is produced in the thyroid gland and targets liver and kidneys. Thyroxine plays a crucial role in heart and digestive function, metabolism, brain development, bone health, and muscle control. Stimulates production of proteins required for growth.
Nervous system
Involuntary response
Skips the brain, making the reaction faster. This is known as a reflex
Voluntary response
The Signal goes to the brain, making it take longer
neurones
Sensory
Relay
Motor
sensory organs
effectors - what happens when the signal reaches the end of the neuron chain
CNS
Stands for Central Nervous System
Made up of the brain, spinal chord and nerves
synapse - the gap between 2 neurons
Diabetes
Type 1
Cures
currently there is no cure for type 1 diabetes
Causes
The exact cure is unknown but it is thought that its the own body's immune system
Treatment
Your health team
Insulin injections
Insulin pumps
Keeping blood glucose at the right level
The honeymoon phase
Blood glucose monitoring
Diet and sugar levels
Government Investment
The Federal Government has announced it will invest an additional $100 million over four years to support patients with type 1 diabetes
Type 2
Cures
Although there's no cure for type 2 diabetes, studies show it's possible for some people to reverse it.
Causes
Type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin to maintain a normal blood glucose level, or the body is unable to use the insulin that is produced
Treatment
If you have Type 2 diabetes you may need medication to help manage your blood sugar levels.
Government Investment
Banting and best
Banting and Best performed pancreas experiments on dogs to measure sugar in their urine and blood. Over a summer they extracted the first anti-diabetic substance. In January 1922 a diabetic teenager called Leonard Thompson was the first person to receive an insulin injection
In the early 1920s Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered insulin under the directorship of John Macleod at the University of Toronto. With the help of James Collip insulin was purified, making it available for the successful treatment of diabetes. Banting and Macleod earned a Nobel Prize for their work in 1923.
Glucose Regulation
Hormones
Insulin - insulin causes glucose to be converted to glycogen
Glucagon - glucagon can convert glycogen into glucose
Molecules
Glycogen - highly compacted structure with lots of branches made of chains of sugars, this stores the sugars that are in excess
Glucose - Glucose is a simple sugar
unusual blood glucose levels
too high
Starts with normal blood glucose level, if the glucose level goes too high receptors in the pancreas detect the blood glucose levels, the pancreas produces insulin insulin causes glucose to be converted to glycogen, glycogen is a storage molecule, glycogen can be stored in the liver and muscles. Back to normal blood glucose levels
too low
Starts with normal blood glucose level, if the glucose level drops too low receptors in the pancreas detect the blood glucose level, glucagon is produced by the pancreas, glucagon can convert glycogen into glucose. Back to normal blood glucose levels
why the blood glucose levels stray from normal
Blood glucose levels can stray from normal if someone has exercised they may have used all their blood sugar, if they've eaten too much food they will have too much glucose.