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Genetics Gregor_Mendel_Monk (Monohybrid Crosses (Selfing (A heterozygote…

- - - - These are called alleles, and they are caused via mutation
        
        The type of alleles an individual has is called its genotype
        
        How an individual expresses their alleles is called its phenotype
  - - - Basis for Evolution
- - - - One of the more useful causes of insertion and deletion mutations are transposable elements
        
        Pieces of DNA that deliberately move from one chromosome to another
        
        Two Types
        
        Insertion Sequences
        
        Contain genes that code the enzyme involved in removing the sequence and splicing it into other DNA
        
        Also relatively short amount of base pairs
        
        Transposon
        
        Different from insertion sequences in that they can be much longer sequences and they code for proteins unrelated to transposition
        
        Mutations caused by transposable elements vary in severity
        
        Very severe version
        
        Could be classified as a virus
  - - - Due to this, they are not passed on to offspring
- - - - The offspring of the F1 generation is called the F2 generation
  - - - Heterozygous pairs of alleles make incomplete dominance possible
        
        When one allele, called the dominant allele, represents itself in the phenotype regardless of whether or not the other allele, called the recessive allele, is present, it is called complete dominance
        
        Incomplete dominance is when the trait represented is a mixture of both alleles, and can only occur in heterozygous pairs
        
        Much easier to discern genotype
        
        Complete dominance makes it difficult to discern genotype from the appearance
        
        The genotype of an individual with a trait that shows complete dominance can be discerned by using a test cross
        
        A test cross is the process of taking the individual and crossing it with a homozygous recessive individual
        
        If all the offspring take after the individual being tested, that individual is homozygous dominant
        
        If any of the offspring take after the control individual, the individual being tested is heterozygous
        
        Homozygous plants may be isolated in a manner where they can only reproduce by selfing by humans for further experiments in groups called pure-bred lines
  - - - Also occurs when a plant is crossed with another with exactly the same genotype
    - - Homozygous Recessive
        
        Has two recessive alleles
        
        Results in full representation of recessive allele
      - Heterozygous
      - Homozygous Dominant
        
        Has two dominant alleles
  - - - Color coordinates the alleles to show which allele is responsible for which color
    - - Will get more complex as multiple alleles are introduced
        
        Multiple alleles appear in genes that are polymorphic. These genes can have far more than two types of alleles
    - - The ratio in the illustration is 1:1 for both genotype and phenotype
- - - - This is due to the fact that mitochondria have their own DNA
        
        Insert honorary mention of endosymbiosis, one of the few exceptions regarding Darwinian evolution
  - - - These are most often recessive, otherwise it would've made short work of the parent
        
        Think Hemophilia
  - - - Can be caused by disjunction
        
        The chromatids fail to separate during meiosis, and one daughter cell gets both, while the other gets none
      - Polyploids that very closely resemble the wild-type allele are called paralogs
    - - This will be done usually when that single trait is vital to survival