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Genetics (crosses (monohybrid (Complete dominance (traits (dominant (Needs…
Genetics
crosses
monohybrid
single characteristic
Incomplete dominance
parents
homozygous
identical alleles for gene
parent generation
First initial generation F1
heterozygous
crossed w hetrozygote
1:2:1 ratio
"selfing"
different alleles o
one from each parent
Complete dominance
traits
dominant
Needs only one allele to be expressed
capital letters
recessive
needs identical alleles for expression
lowercase letters
difficult to determine genotype
test cross
involves
plant in question
pure-bred lines
homozygous recessive
homozygous dominant
multiple alleles
subscripted
many alleles for one trait
sexual reproduction between 2 individuals
punnett square
used to examine gametes
Dihybrid
2 genes are studied
Incomplete dominance
parents
homozygous
identical alleles for gene
parent generation
First initial generation F1
heterozygous
crossed w hetrozygote
2 more items...
different alleles o
1 more item...
Inheritance
Biparental
both parental alleles
pollen parent
ovule parent
uniparental
maternal inheritance
plastid
variegation
independent assortment
2 genes
separate chromosomes
haploid cell
same chromosome
ends act separately
crossing over
parental type
recombinant
map unit or centimorgan
gene linkage
close on chromosome
inherited together
pretty
Multiple sets of chromosomes
polyploid
more than 2 sets
diploid
2 sets
can come via
nondisjunction
Mutations
any change in DNA
types
point
change in a single case
deletion
loss of DNA
Transposable elements
transposition
insertion sequence
insersion
addition of DNA
inversion
repaired backwards
somatic
in cells that never lead to Sex
causes
mutagen causes mutations
UV light
X rays
chemicals
radiation
effects
may have no effect
may have negative effect
most common occurance
rarely have positive effect
Small fraction
DNA repair
#
#
enzymes minimize chance of mutations
must neither be
too effective
mutations lead to
change variation
evolution
too efficient
Quanatativ trait loci
multiple genes
one character
pleiotropic effect
#
Concepts
Genetics
science of inheritance
sexual reproduction
genetically similar
variation
chance
risk
bottom right is me lolol
asexual reproduction
genetically identical
chemical basis
gene
sequence of DNA nucleotide
guides
construction of RNA
Construction of proteins
construction of
occur in different forms
alleles
#
genetic diversity
nucleotide
mutation
presence
Genotype
alleles of an individual
phenotype
expression
lethal
leads to death
paralogs
originated as duplicates
replication of DNA
cell
nuclear division
mitosis
meiosis
DNA replicated
"S: phase
doubles genes
chromatid
anaphase
daughter cell
chromatid
chromatin becomes less compact
DNA double helix is cut
strands separate
replicon
polymerized
Primer RNA
substrate for DNA polymerase
Semi-conservative replication
DNA polymerase
adds deoxiribonucleotides
3' end
replication fork
ligated by covalent bonds
gene family
special type of mutation
maps alleles
ineffectiveness leads to
