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(Organs Specialized for Stages of Food Processing (Digestion in small…
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Homeostatic Process for Thermoregulation involve Form, Function, Behavior
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Diet nutrition needs
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key function in cells: enzyme substrates, coenzymes, cofactors in biosynthetic reactions
- Chemical energy for cellular processing
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
for growth, reproduction and tissue maintenance you need 2 types of raw materials
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an animal can get its essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals all from eating plants or other animals
essential amino acids
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some animals have enzymes to synthesize half of the amino acids by consuming sulfur and organic nitrogen
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deficiencies
malnutrition: a diet lacking 1/more essential nutrients or consistency supplies less chemical energy than needed
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in essential nutrients can cause diseases, deformities, and even death
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Need to feed
Nutrition: food taken in, take apart, and taken up
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Energy Requirements Related to size, activity, and environment
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Quantifying Energy Use
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determind by
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long time measurements are done by recording food consumption (cal) and chemical energy lost in waste
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Food processing
Digestion
2nd stage of food processing, food is broken down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
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chemical digestion is necessary because animals con not directly use proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nuclei acids, or phospholipids
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digestive compartments
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extracellular digestion
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gastrovascular cavity: digestive tube with a single opening. It functions as digestion with the help of hydrlytic enzymes and absorption of nutrients
intracellular;hydrolysis of food inside vacuole, begins after cells engulf solid foods by phagocytosis or pinocytosis. The fusion of food vacuoles with lysosomes allows the digestion to occur with hydrolytic enzymes
alimentary canal: digestive tube with 2 openings, a mouth and anus
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Feedback regulation
digestion
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Chyme is the passed on to the duodenum where CCK and Secretin .CCK a hormone stimulates the release of enzymes from the pancreas and bile from gallbladder. Secretin stimulates pancreas to release biocarbonate
Chyme is rich with fats , high levels of CCK and Secretin released act on stomach to stop peristalsis and secretion of gastric juices
as food gets to stomach it expands stomach triggering gastrin a hormone that stimulates gastric juices
energy storage
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mainly fond in glycogen, and once that is full its found in adipose cells
body will use up the liver glycogen, then muscular when fewer calories are taken in than needed
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glucose homeostasis
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when blood glucose levels are high, insulin is secreted decreasing the blood glucose concentration
when blood glucose levels drop the secretion of glucagon is secreted allows the release of glucose, increasing the blood glucose levels
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