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Chapter 16 Genetics (mutations (causes of mutations (insertion sequence…
Chapter 16 Genetics
mutations
causes of mutations
mutagen
causes mutations
insertion sequence
splices into dna
transposition
transposes
code proteins
effects of mutations
depends on
position
extent
nature
somatic mutations
never lead to sex cells
can occur anywhere anytime
monohybrid crosses
incomplete dominance
single character is analyzed
parental generation
parents
offsprings
F1 first filial generation
interbreed
F2
heterozygous
2 different alleles/ gene
homozygous
2 identical alleles/ gene
incomplete dominance
neither allele is expressed
crossing heterozygotes with themselves
punnett square
complete dominance
dominant
recessive
#
test crosses
complete dominance
difficult to know genotype
cross with plant in question
with homozygous recessive
pure bred lines
#
homozygous recessive
dihybrid crosses
2 genes are studied
separate chromosomes: independent assortment
2 genes on separate chromosomes
genes move independently
crossing over
same chromosomes: linkage
recombinant chromosomes
crossing over homologous chromosomes
recombination of alleles
parental type chromosomes
other aspects of inheritance
maternal inheritance
biparental inheritance
uniparental inheritance
ovule parent
pollen parent
lethal alleles
#
in pressence kills plant
difficult to detect
multiple chromosomes/ gene families
polyploid
plants with more than 2 sets of chromosomes
nondisjunction
change in chromosome # per nucleus
paralogs
duplicate of wild-type
gene family
multiple copies
lethal alleles can come from a mutation
same alleles
example cross white flower with whatever other flower
