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chapters 6-7 (animal cell organelles (nucleus (Nuclear envelope-double…
chapters 6-7
animal cell organelles
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Endoplasmic Reticulum: a network of membranous sacs and tubes active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes. has rough and smooth regions text
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cytoskeleton: reinforces cell shape functions in cell movement made of proteins. three kinds -microfilaments -intermediate filaments-microtubules
peroxisome:organelle with specialized metabolic functions,produces hydrogen peroxide as by product then converts it to water
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microscopy
Invented in 1590s and refined in 1600s.
most common is the light microscope.
parameters of microscopes:
-magnification
-resolution
-contrast
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magnification- ratio of an objects image size to its real size. light microscopes can magnify effectively up to 1000x actual size. greater mag means less detail
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cell fractionation
a useful technique for studying cell structure and functions. takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other subcellular structures. the equipment is a centrifuge which spins test tube holding mixtures of cells and different parts of the cell go to the bottom and allow for identification
membrane proteins: singe cell may have cell surface membranes that carry out several different functions ie.transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, and attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. two major protein populations.
-integral
-peripheral
integral proteins penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bi layer. majority are transmembrane proteins which span the membrane while others partially extend into the hydrophobic interior
peripheral proteins not embedded in bi layer at all but are instead loosely attached to the surface of the membrane
cell membrane structure: cell membranes are semi-permeable fluid mosaics. phospholipids form the basic structure aka lipid bilayer made of a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head. cholesterol molecules give the membrane its fluidity. there are proteins scattered around the membrane that allow for transport across cell
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