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Chapter 16: Genetics (Mutations (Effects of Mutation (Depend on Severity,…
Chapter 16: Genetics
Mutations
Effects of Mutation
Depend on Severity
May have no Effect
Helps with Natural Selection
Somatic Mutations
Lead to no Sex Cells
Causes of Mutation
Insertion Sequences
Transposon
Mutagen
Causes Mutation
DNA Repair Processes
Does not Work all the time
Either Fixes or Deletes Groups
Point Mutation
Single Base
Mutation
Any Change
Deletion
Lost
Insertion
Extra
Inversion
Backward
Replication of DNA
Semiconservative Replication
Made of new and old pieces
Replication Fork
Uncoiled DNA
DNA Polymerase
DNA synthesizing enzyme
Ligated
Covalent Bonds
Primer RNA
About 10 pieces long
Replicon
"Bubble" in Separated Strand
Monohybrid Crosses
Crossing Heterozygotes with Themselves
Selfing
Plant's own pollen fertilizes ownself
Punnett Square
Test Crosses
Between Plant in question and Homozygous Recessive
Pure-Bred Lines
Self pollenate to keep pure
Homozygous Recessive
Complete Dominance
Dominant
Recessive
Multiple Alleles
More than two
Incomplete Dominance
Neither parent trait dominates over the other
Parental Generation
Parents
F1
First Gen. from Parents
F2
Parent and F1
Homozygous
Identical Alleles
Heterozygous
Two different Alleles
Monohybrid Cross
One Characteristic
Dihybrid Crosses
Linkage
Crossing-Over
Independent Assortment
One gene moves independently
Two genes Studied
Multiple Genes for One Character
Quantitative Trait Loci
DNA associated w/Complex Crosses
Pleiotropic Effects
Multiple Phenotypes effect one Mutation
Epistasis
Multiple Genes for each Trait
Other Aspects of Inheritance
Lethal Alleles
Kill the plant
Difficult to Detect
Multiple Sets of Chromosomes and Gene Families
Nondisjunction
Chromatids Remain Together
Paralogs
Duplicate of Wild Type
Polyploid
More than two sets of Chromosomes
Gene Family
Multiple Copies
Maternal Inheritance
Pollen Parent
Green Zygotes
Variegation
White, Red or Orange Spots
Uniparental Inheritance
Zygote gets all its plastid and mitochondria from Maternal
Biparental Inheritance
Genes are Transmitted Equally
Ovule Parent
Progeny gets Mutant Plastids
