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70 year-old female with pneumonia (Lung Anatomy (Bronchial Tree (Main…
70 year-old female with pneumonia
viral infection set in the lungs
led to a wet wheezy cough
the immune system is trying to get rid of virus
Lung Anatomy
Bronchial Tree
highly branched conducting system main bronchi to progressively narrower tubes
Main Bronchus
left lung has 2 lobar bronchi and right lung has three lobar bronchi
Lobar Bronchi
further divided into segmented bronchi- left lung has8-10 segmented bronchi and right lung has 10 segmented bronchi
Bronchioles
tubes
terminal bronchioles
last part lead to reparatory bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
thin airways
Alveolar Sacs
ducts lead into these grapelike clusters of alveoli
Alveoli
small saccular outpocketings
Alveolar Pores
openings between adjacent alveoli provide collateral ventilatin
Cells
Alveolar Type I Cell
Simple squamous epithelium allow for rapid diffusion
Alveolar Type II Cell
Cuboidal Simple Squamous Epithelium secrete surfactant-opposes surface tension and prevents collapse
Alveolar Macrophage
"Dust Cells" engulf any microorganisms or foreign material that has reached the alveoli
Respiratory Membrane
thin barrier lets oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse across
made up of alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane and capillary endothelium and its basement membrane
Right lung has more lobes than left one because of the heart
Pleural Membranes
Visceral Pleura
adheres to lung surface
Parietal Pleura
lines the thoracic wall and mediastinum and the superior surface of diaphragm
Pleura Cavity
in-between visceral and parietal pleura filled with a fluid
Respiratory Physiology at alveolar level
oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood and Carbon dioxide is diffuse from systemic cells to alveoli
Gas Laws
Boyle's Law
pressure of gas decreases as volume increases
Dalton's Law
the sum of all partial pressure is equal to the total atmospheric pressure
Henry's Law
the solubility of a gas in a liquid depends on the partial pressure of the gas in the air and the solubility coefficient
Partial Pressure Concepts
Partial pressure
pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture of gases
Atmospheric pressure
total of all pressures exerted in the enviroment
Partial pressure gradient
exists when a partial pressure is higher in one region that another
Affect of Elevation of partial pressure
partial pressure decreases in higher elevations which in turn affects gas exchange in the lungs
Inflammation on the Respiratory System
evokes the innate immunity
sends out cytokines
reduces oxygen exchange between the alveoli and the blood
airflow limitations
moved to a higher elevation
these are not inter related
she might have already had the viral infection before the move
higher elevation
decrease her oxygen diffusion
viral infection
inflamed the tissues resulting in an over production of mucus
she is older
her immune system has degraded with her age
Age
her diffusion of oxygen may decrease with age
Wet wheezy cough and fluid
her immune system has is trying to expel the virus and is coating the virus with mucus and she trying to cough it up her respiratory system is not able to diffuse carbon dioxide which can led to a cough
Direct Causes
virus
led to her pneumonia
if untreated her lungs will fill with fluid
irreversible damage to the alveoli
can no longer diffuse gaases
may led to death
her lungs may completely fill with fluid and she will sufficate
higher elevation
led to a decrease in oxygen diffusion
she wasn't able to breathe in as deeply as she was in a lower elevation
there is no real cause of concern with a higher elevation
Complications in other systems
Cardiovascular
puts a strain on the heart
the heart is pumping harder due to the lack of oxygen
her heart may give out
Immune
she put her immune system in overdrive fighting off the infection
her immune system may not be able to fight off infection as quickly
Circulatory
strain
as the heat is pumping more her blood pressure is rising
she isn't able to get the adequate oxygen to her tissues to help fight off infection